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endocrine system > The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to heart

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3
Q

Capillaries

A

Connect smallest arteries to smallest veins to create a circuit

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4
Q

Tunica interna (tunica intima)

A

Lines the blood vessel and is exposed to blood

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5
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle layer
Consists of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic tissue

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6
Q

Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

A

Outermost layer
Consists of loose connective tissue that often merges with that of neighboring blood vessels, nerves, or other organs

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7
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

small vessels that supply blood to outer half of wall in the larger vessels

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8
Q

Aneurysm

A

weak point in artery or heart wall

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9
Q

Most common cause of aneurysms

A

atherosclerosis (hardened arteries) and hypertension

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10
Q

Most common sites of aneurysm

A

abdominal aorta, renal arteries, and arterial circle at base of brain

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11
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitor blood chemistry

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12
Q

Carotid bodies

A

Adjust respiratory rate to stabilize pH, CO2, and O2

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13
Q

Aortic bodies

A

vagus nerve(relazation,rest,digest)

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13
Q

Nearly every cell in body is close to a

A

capillary

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14
Q

capillaries absent or scarce in

A

tendons, ligaments, epithelia, cornea, and lens of the eye

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15
Q

capillaries
Found in most….

A

tissues

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16
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

-Found in organs that require rapid absorption or filtration (kidneys, small intestine)
-Allow passage of only small molecules

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17
Q

Sinusoids

A

-Found in liver, bone marrow, spleen
-Allow proteins (albumin), clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter the circulation

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18
Q

Veins

A

Thin-walled and flaccid

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19
Q

Postcapillary venules

A
  • more porous than capillaries, so also exchange fluid with surrounding tissues
    Leukocytes leave bloodstream through venule walls
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20
Q

Medium veins

A

Varicose veins may result from failure of these valves

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21
Q

Large veins

A

Smooth muscle in all three tunics
- EX: venae cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins, and renal veins

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22
Q

Venous sinuses

A

brain, coronary sinus of heart

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23
Q

varicose veins

A

-blood backflows
-caused by pregnancy or obesity

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24
Normal BP value for young adult
120/75
25
Adult bp
120/80
26
Arteriosclerosis
stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissues of artery walls
26
Atherosclerosis
build up of lipid deposits that become plaques
27
Hypertension
Chronic resting blood pressure higher than 130/80 -weaken arteries, cause aneurysms, promote atherosclerosis
27
Hypotension
Chronic low resting BP -Caused by blood loss, dehydration, anemia
28
BP determined by three variables
Cardiac output Blood volume Resistance to flow
29
Blood volume is regulated mainly by
kidneys
30
Autoregulation
waste removal
31
Angiogenesis
-growth of new blood vessels -uterine lining
32
Baroreflex
negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure
33
Angiotensin II
Potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure
33
Glossopharyngeal nerve sends signals to
brainstem
33
Natriuretic peptides
Secreted by the heart
34
Aldosterone
promotes Na+ retention by the kidneys
35
Antidiuretic hormone (A D H)
Promotes water retention and raises BP
36
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Stimulates vasoconstriction and raises BP
36
Capillary exchange
Substances exchanged include water, oxygen, glucose and other nutrients, antibodies, hormones, carbon dioxide and other wastes
37
Increased capillary filtration
Kidney failure, histamine, old age, poor venous return
38
Obstructed lymphatic drainage
Surgical removal of lymph nodes
39
Reduced capillary reabsorption
Hypoproteinemia, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency
40
Tissue death
Oxygen delivery and waste removal impaired
41
Pulmonary edema
Fluid in lungs; suffocation threat
42
Cerebral edema
Headaches, nausea, seizures, and coma
43
Severe edema can cause circulatory shock
Excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume/low blood pressure
44
Venous return
flow of blood back to heart
45
Cardiogenic shock
inadequate pumping of heart; usually result of myocardial infarction
46
Low venous return (L V R) shock
cardiac output low because too little blood returns to heart
47
Hypovolemic shock
MOST COMMON Loss of blood volume: trauma, burns, dehydration
48
Obstructed venous return shock
Tumor or aneurysm compresses a vein, impedes its blood flow
49
Venous pooling shock
Long periods of standing, sitting, or widespread vasodilation
50
Neurogenic shock
results from sudden loss of vasomotor tone and vessels dilate; possible causes are brainstem trauma, emotional shock
51
Septic shock
Bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
52
irreversible brain damage
after 4-5 minutes
53
Transient ischemic attacks (T I As)
-Caused by spasms of diseased cerebral arteries -Dizziness, vision loss, weakness, paralysis, headache, aphasia -Lasts from a moment to a few hours -early warning of impending stroke
54
Stroke (cerebral vascular accident, C V A)
-sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia -caused by atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ruptured aneurysm
55
Azygos vein
Empties into S V C at the level of vertebra T4
55
Air embolism
presence of air in the bloodstream can cause sudden death
55
Ascites
-Degenerating liver obstructs hepatic circulation leading to portal hypertension -Spleen enlarges (splenomegaly) -cause:Alcoholism (most common) Malnutrition
56
Short Saphenous
-drains in the Popliteal vein - common site for Varicose veins
57
Long Saphenous
-location for long-term administration of intravenous fluids. M/C use as graft for coronary bypass surgery -common site for Varicose veins
58
Hypertension
—chronic resting blood pressure higher than 130/80; most common cardiovascular disease -Drop in renal BP leads to salt retention (aldosterone)
59
Primary hypertension
-results from complex combination of behavioral, hereditary, and other factors -Risk factors: obesity, sedentary behavior, poor diet, nicotine -Most common type (90% of cases)
60

endocrine system (11 decks)

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