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endocrine system > The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to heart

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3
Q

Capillaries

A

Connect smallest arteries to smallest veins to create a circuit

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4
Q

Tunica interna (tunica intima)

A

Lines the blood vessel and is exposed to blood

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5
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle layer
Consists of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic tissue

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6
Q

Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

A

Outermost layer
Consists of loose connective tissue that often merges with that of neighboring blood vessels, nerves, or other organs

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7
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

small vessels that supply blood to outer half of wall in the larger vessels

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8
Q

Aneurysm

A

weak point in artery or heart wall

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9
Q

Most common cause of aneurysms

A

atherosclerosis (hardened arteries) and hypertension

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10
Q

Most common sites of aneurysm

A

abdominal aorta, renal arteries, and arterial circle at base of brain

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11
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitor blood chemistry

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12
Q

Carotid bodies

A

Adjust respiratory rate to stabilize pH, CO2, and O2

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13
Q

Aortic bodies

A

vagus nerve(relazation,rest,digest)

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13
Q

Nearly every cell in body is close to a

A

capillary

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14
Q

capillaries absent or scarce in

A

tendons, ligaments, epithelia, cornea, and lens of the eye

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15
Q

capillaries
Found in most….

A

tissues

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16
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

-Found in organs that require rapid absorption or filtration (kidneys, small intestine)
-Allow passage of only small molecules

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17
Q

Sinusoids

A

-Found in liver, bone marrow, spleen
-Allow proteins (albumin), clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter the circulation

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18
Q

Veins

A

Thin-walled and flaccid

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19
Q

Postcapillary venules

A
  • more porous than capillaries, so also exchange fluid with surrounding tissues
    Leukocytes leave bloodstream through venule walls
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20
Q

Medium veins

A

Varicose veins may result from failure of these valves

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21
Q

Large veins

A

Smooth muscle in all three tunics
- EX: venae cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins, and renal veins

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22
Q

Venous sinuses

A

brain, coronary sinus of heart

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23
Q

varicose veins

A

-blood backflows
-caused by pregnancy or obesity

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24
Q

Normal BP value for young adult

A

120/75

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25
Q

Adult bp

A

120/80

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26
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissues of artery walls

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26
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

build up of lipid deposits that become plaques

27
Q

Hypertension

A

Chronic resting blood pressure higher than 130/80
-weaken arteries, cause aneurysms, promote atherosclerosis

27
Q

Hypotension

A

Chronic low resting BP
-Caused by blood loss, dehydration, anemia

28
Q

BP determined by three variables

A

Cardiac output
Blood volume
Resistance to flow

29
Q

Blood volume is regulated mainly by

A

kidneys

30
Q

Autoregulation

A

waste removal

31
Q

Angiogenesis

A

-growth of new blood vessels
-uterine lining

32
Q

Baroreflex

A

negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure

33
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure

33
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve sends signals to

A

brainstem

33
Q

Natriuretic peptides

A

Secreted by the heart

34
Q

Aldosterone

A

promotes Na+ retention by the kidneys

35
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (A D H)

A

Promotes water retention and raises BP

36
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Stimulates vasoconstriction and raises BP

36
Q

Capillary exchange

A

Substances exchanged include water, oxygen, glucose and other nutrients, antibodies, hormones, carbon dioxide and other wastes

37
Q

Increased capillary filtration

A

Kidney failure, histamine, old age, poor venous return

38
Q

Obstructed lymphatic drainage

A

Surgical removal of lymph nodes

39
Q

Reduced capillary reabsorption

A

Hypoproteinemia, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency

40
Q

Tissue death

A

Oxygen delivery and waste removal impaired

41
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Fluid in lungs; suffocation threat

42
Q

Cerebral edema

A

Headaches, nausea, seizures, and coma

43
Q

Severe edema can cause circulatory shock

A

Excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume/low blood pressure

44
Q

Venous return

A

flow of blood back to heart

45
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

inadequate pumping of heart; usually result of myocardial infarction

46
Q

Low venous return (L V R) shock

A

cardiac output low because too little blood returns to heart

47
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

MOST COMMON
Loss of blood volume: trauma, burns, dehydration

48
Q

Obstructed venous return shock

A

Tumor or aneurysm compresses a vein, impedes its blood flow

49
Q

Venous pooling shock

A

Long periods of standing, sitting, or widespread vasodilation

50
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

results from sudden loss of vasomotor tone and vessels dilate; possible causes are brainstem trauma, emotional shock

51
Q

Septic shock

A

Bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

52
Q

irreversible brain damage

A

after 4-5 minutes

53
Q

Transient ischemic attacks (T I As)

A

-Caused by spasms of diseased cerebral arteries
-Dizziness, vision loss, weakness, paralysis, headache, aphasia
-Lasts from a moment to a few hours
-early warning of impending stroke

54
Q

Stroke (cerebral vascular accident, C V A)

A

-sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia
-caused by atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ruptured aneurysm

55
Q

Azygos vein

A

Empties into S V C at the level of vertebra T4

55
Q

Air embolism

A

presence of air in the bloodstream
can cause sudden death

55
Q

Ascites

A

-Degenerating liver obstructs hepatic circulation leading to portal hypertension
-Spleen enlarges (splenomegaly)
-cause:Alcoholism (most common)
Malnutrition

56
Q

Short Saphenous

A

-drains in the Popliteal vein
- common site for Varicose veins

57
Q

Long Saphenous

A

-location for long-term administration of intravenous fluids. M/C use as graft for coronary bypass surgery
-common site for Varicose veins

58
Q

Hypertension

A

—chronic resting blood pressure higher than 130/80; most common cardiovascular disease
-Drop in renal BP leads to salt retention (aldosterone)

59
Q

Primary hypertension

A

-results from complex combination of behavioral, hereditary, and other factors
-Risk factors: obesity, sedentary behavior, poor diet, nicotine
-Most common type (90% of cases)

60
Q
A

endocrine system (11 decks)

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