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endocrine system > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

1
Q

heart is noticeable at

A

rib 3

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2
Q

at any age heart is the sie of

A

a fist

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3
Q

apex

A

tapered inferior end, tilts to the left

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3
Q

Arteries

A

blood away from heart

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4
Q

veins

A

carry blood toward heart

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5
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

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6
Q

Systemic circuit

A

supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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7
Q

right side of heart supplies the

A

pulmonary circuit
Oxygen-poor blood arrives from body tissues

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8
Q

Left side of heart of heart supplies the

A

systemic circuit
Fully oxygenated blood sent to body tissues via aorta, which branches into smaller vessels

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9
Q

pericardium

A

heart is enclosed by

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9
Q

Endocardium

A

Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels

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10
Q

Epicardium

A

Serous membrane covering heart
Adipose in thick layer in some place

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11
Q

Myocardium

A

Layer of cardiac muscle, thickness is proportional to workload
Muscle spirals around heart, called the vortex of the heart

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12
Q

The heart has four chambers

A

wo atria and two ventricles

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13
Q

right atrium and both auricles contains

A

pectinate muscles

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14
Q

Right and left atria

A

Two superior chambers that receive blood returning to the heart; separated from each other by interatrial septum

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15
Q

Right and left ventricles

A

Two inferior chambers that eject blood into the arteries; separated from each other by interventricular septum

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15
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

control blood flow between atria and ventricles

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16
Q

Right coronary artery (RCA)

A

branches off the ascending aorta

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17
Q

Right marginal branch

A

Supplies lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle

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18
Q

Angina pectoris

A

chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow
Pain caused by ischemia of cardiac muscle

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19
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of coronary circulation
Atheroma (blood clot or fatty deposit) often obstructs coronary arteries; cardiac muscle downstream of the blockage dies
Heavy pressure or squeezing pain radiating into the left arm
painless heart attacks

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20
Q

Coronary sinus

A

transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior heart

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21
Q

heartbeat is

A

autorhythmic ( built in pace maker)

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22
Q

sinuatrial (SA) node

A

PACEMAKER

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22
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Rich in myoglobin and glycogen
Huge mitochondria: fill 25% of cell
Fatigue resistant

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23
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

patch of modified cardiomyocytes serves as the electrical gateway to the ventricles
BACK UP FOR SA

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24
Q

systole

A

contraction

25
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

26
Q

Sinus rhythm

A

normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node
typically 70 to 80 bpm

27
Q

Nodal (junctional) rhythm

A

if SA node is damaged, heart rate is set by AV node, 40 to 50 bpm

27
Q

Ectopic focus

A

May govern heart rhythm if SA node is damaged

28
Q

SA fires every

A

0.8 seconds , resting rate = 75bpm

29
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A

a composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected

30
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

31
Q

t wave

A

ventricular repolarization

32
Q

QRS interval

A

atrial repolarization and diastole; repolarization concealed by QRS wave

33
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

random electrical signals result in no pumping action; hallmark of myocardial infarction (MI) and quickly fatal

34
Q

Atrial fibrillation (AF, AFib)

A

weak rippling contraction in atria due to chaotic signals; atria fail to stimulate ventricles

35
Q

Heart block

A

failure of part of conduction system; include bundle branch block (bundle branch failure) and total heart block (AV node failure)

36
Q

Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

A

ventricular ectopic focus fires and sets off extra beat

37
Q

left side of heart

A

If mitral valve is open, blood flows into left ventricle
When ventricle contracts, internal pressure rises

38
Q

AV valves limp when

A

ventricles relaxed

39
Q

Valvular insufficiency (incompetence)

A

any failure of a valve to prevent reflux (regurgitation), the backward flow of blood

40
Q

Valvular stenosis

A

cusps are stiffened and opening is constricted by scar tissue; regurgitation can be heard as a heart murmur

41
Q

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

insufficiency in which one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction

42
Q

First heart sound

A

S1 lubb

43
Q

second heart sound

A

S2
dupp

44
Q

third heart sound

A

S3
rarely heard in people over 30; its presence may indicate enlarged or failing heart ( lubb,dupp, click)

45
Q

Phases of the cardiac cycle:

A
  1. Ventricular filling
  2. Isovolumetric contraction
  3. Ventricular ejection
  4. Isovolumetric relaxation
    (happens in less than 1 second)
46
Q

Ventricular filling

A

P wave

47
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

s1
ventricles contract, they do not eject blood

48
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

T wave
Stroke volume (SV)—the amount ejected—is about 70 mL

49
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

T wave ends
S2 occurs

50
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

left or right ventricular failure

51
Q

Left ventricular failure

A

blood backs up into the lungs causing pulmonary edema; shortness of breath and sense of suffocation

52
Q

Right ventricular failure

A

blood backs up in the vena cava causing systemic or generalized edema; enlargement of the liver, ascites (pooling of fluid in abdominal cavity), distension of jugular veins, swelling of the fingers, ankles, and fee

53
Q

Cardioacceleratory center

A

cardiac nerves, sympathetic postganglionic

54
Q

Cardioinhibitory center

A

vagus nerves, parasympathetic preganglionic

55
Q

Bradycardia

A

common in endurance-trained athletes, also caused by hypothermia

55
Q

Cardiac output (CO) =

A

heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV)

56
Q

Tachycardia

A

persistent, resting adult HR above 100 bpm; causes by stress, anxiety, stimulants, heart disease, fever, or blood loss

57
Q

HypoKalemia

A

low k (potassium) require increase stimulation

57
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

High k (potassium) low irregular heart rate

58
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excess Ca, Decrease heart rate and contraction

59
Q

Hypocalcemia:

A

Low Ca, Increase heart rate and contraction rate

60
Q

Frank-Starling law of the heart:

A

stroke volume is proportional to end-diastolic volume; ventricles eject as much blood as they receive

61
Q

Afterload

A

blood pressure, hypertension, right ventricular failure

62
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

-degenerative disease in coronary arteries usually resulting from atherosclerosis—an accumulation of lipid deposits and necrotic tissue that obstructs the lumen and may cause a heart attack
-Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and other risk factors damage inner lining (endothelium) of arteries

endocrine system (11 decks)

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