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endocrine system > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The nose

A

warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors; and serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies voice
Extends from nostrils (nares) to posterior nasal apertures (choanae)—posterior openings

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2
Q

Nasal septum

A

Composed of bone and hyaline cartilage

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3
Q

Nasal mucosa covered by

A

a respiratory epithelium

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4
Q

Goblet cells

A

produce most of the mucus, supplemented by mucous glands in lamina propria

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5
Q

Ciliated cells

A

—have motile cilia that propel the mucus posteriorly toward pharynx to be swallowed

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6
Q

Olfactory epithelium is involved in

A

the sense of smell

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7
Q

Kiesselbach

A

M/C region for nose bleeds

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8
Q

Woodruff plexus:

A

M/C for emergency treatment

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9
Q

Erectile tissue (swell body)

A

extensive venous plexus in epithelium of inferior concha (Turbinate)

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10
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular funnel extends from posterior nasal apertures to larynx, divided into three regions

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10
Q

Oropharynx

A

space between soft palate and epiglottis

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Nasopharynx

A

posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate
Receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil

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13
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

posterior to larynx, from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
Esophagus begins at that point

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14
Q

Nasopharynx passes

A

only air and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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15
Q

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx pass

A

air, food, and drink and are lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Muscles of the pharynx assist in

A

swallowing and speech

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17
Q

Larynx

A

Keep food and drink away from airway
voice box

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18
Q

Structure of the larynx

A

Epiglottis
During swallowing, extrinsic muscles pull larynx upward

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19
Q

Extrinsic muscles (infrahyoid group)

A

Elevate larynx during swallowing

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20
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A

Abduct or adduct vocal cords, depending on direction of rotation

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21
Q

Trachea

A

tube that connects larynx to bronchi; commonly called the “windpipe”
Supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage—prevent collapse during inhalation

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22
Q

Tracheostomy

A

to make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow
Prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction

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23
Q

Base

A

broad concave portion resting on diaphragm

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24
Q

Apex

A

tip that projects just above the clavicle

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25
Q

Mediastinal surface

A

faces medially toward the heart

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26
Q

Pleura

A

serous membrane that lines thoracic wall and forms surface of lung

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27
Q

Main (primary) bronchi

A

Arise from fork of trachea

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27
Q

The main bronchi divide into

A

lobar (secondary) bronchi serving each lobe of each lung

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28
Q

Lobar bronchi branch into

A

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

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29
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

Mucosa has a well-developed layer of smooth muscle

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30
Q

Muscularis mucosae contracts or relaxes

A

to constrict or dilate the airway, regulating airflow.

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31
Q

Bronchioles

A

continuations of airway that lack supportive cartilage

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32
Q

Pulmonary lobule

A

portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole

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33
Q

AlveoliAlveoli

A

microscopic air pouches in the lungs, each about 480 million alveoli in each lung, providing 70m^2 of surface for gas exchange

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34
Q

Squamous (type 1) alveolar cells

A

Thin cells allow rapid gas diffusion between air and blood

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35
Q

Great (type 2) alveolar cells

A

Secrete pulmonary surfactant(fat and proteins)

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36
Q

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

A

Keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles

37
Q

Diaphragm

A

prime mover of respiration

37
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood

38
Q

Internal and external intercostal muscles

A

assist diaphragm

39
Q
A
40
Q

Acid-base balance

A

influences pH of body fluids by eliminating C O2

41
Q

Respiratory zone

A

regions that participate in gas exchange

41
Q

Conducting zone

A

passages that serve only for airflow (no gas exchange)

42
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood

42
Q

Primary generator

A

Respiratory rhythm (12 beats per minute)

43
Q

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

medulla
Modifies the rate and depth of breathing
Receives influences from external sources (pons, medulla, receptors in lungs, and higher brain centers)

44
Q

Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

A

pons
Modifies rhythm of VRG by outputs to both VRG and DRG
Adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep, exercise, vocalization, and emotional responses (think of it as a habit)

45
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Carotid bodies communicate with the brainstem by the Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)

Aortic bodies by Vagus nerve (X)

46
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Respond to inflation of the lungs

47
Q

Inflation (Hering–Breuer) reflex

A

triggered by excessive inflation; protective reflex: inhibits inspiratory neurons and stops inspiration

48
Q

protective reflex: inhibits inspiratory neurons and stops inspiration
Irritant receptors

A

Respond to smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus

48
Q

Boyle’s law

A

governs air flow into and out of the lungs

49
Q

Charles’s law

A

the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature

50
Q

Pneumothorax

A

presence of air in pleural cavity
Thoracic wall is punctured

51
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapse of part or all of a lung

52
Q

Bronchodilation

A

increase in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole
Epinephrine

53
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

decrease in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole
Histamine,

54
Q

Pulmonary compliance

A

ease with which the lungs can expand; change in lung volume relative to a given pressure change

55
Q

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

A

amount of air ventilating alveoli per minute

56
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of breathing (500 mL)

57
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (1,300 mL)

58
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort
6000 ML

59
Q

Restrictive disorders

A

black lung disease, tuberculosis

60
Q

Emphysema

A

elements of restrictive and obstructive disorders

60
Q

Obstructive disorders

A

Make it harder to inhale or exhale a given amount of air
asthma, chronic bronchitis

61
Q

Kussmaul respiration

A

deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis**
pt w type 2 diabetes

61
Q

Orthopnea

A

dyspnea that occurs when person is lying down

62
Q

Tachypnea

A

accelerated respiration

63
Q

Dalton’s law

A

total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases

63
Q

Alveolar gas exchange

A

the movement of O2 and C O2

63
Q

Henry’s law

A

The greater the P O2 in the alveolar air, the more O2 the blood picks up

64
Q

hypoxia

A

Lower partial pressure of oxygen

64
Q

Ventilation

A

perfusion coupling
Air flow and blood flow are matched to each other

65
Q

Carbon monoxide (C O)

A

colorless, odorless gas in cigarette smoke, engine exhaust, fumes from gas furnaces

66
Q

Chloride shift

A

bicarbonate pumped out of RBC in exchange for chloride ion from plasma

66
Q

Acidosis

A

blood pH lower than 7.35

67
Q

Alkalosis

A

blood pH higher than 7.45

68
Q

hyperventilation can be a corrected by

A

“Blowing off” C O2
brown paper bag

69
Q

C O2 affects

A

PH

70
Q

Hypoxic drive

A

Caused by long-term hypoxemia
Emphysema, pneumonia
High elevations after several days

71
Q

Hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen or the inability to use oxygen
bronchitits

72
Q

cyanosis

A

blueness of the skin

73
Q

Hypoxemic hypoxia

A

oxygen deficiency at high elevations; impaired ventilation, as in drowning or aspiration of foreign matter; respiratory arrest; and degenerative lung diseases

74
Q

Oxygen toxicity

A

Damages nervous tissue—leads to seizures, coma, death
destroys enzymes

74
Q

Ischemic hypoxia

A

Congestive heart failure

75
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)

A

long-term obstruction of airflow and substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation
always associated with smoking

76
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Goblet cells enlarge and produce excess mucus
Symptoms include hypoxemia and cyanosis
BLUE BLOATER

77
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

hypertrophy and potential failure of right heart due to obstruction of pulmonary circulation

78
Q

Emphysema

A

PINK PUFFER
Much less respiratory membrane for gas exchange
Air passages collapse
lungs fibrotic and less elastic
Air trapped in lungs; person becomes barrel-chested

79
Q

Squamous-cell carcinoma

A

bronchial epithelium into stratified squamous from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

80
Q

Small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma

A

Least common, most dangerous
Originates in primary bronchi, invades mediastinum, metastasizes quickly to other organs

81
Q
A

endocrine system (11 decks)

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