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endocrine system > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The nose

A

warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors; and serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies voice
Extends from nostrils (nares) to posterior nasal apertures (choanae)—posterior openings

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2
Q

Nasal septum

A

Composed of bone and hyaline cartilage

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3
Q

Nasal mucosa covered by

A

a respiratory epithelium

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4
Q

Goblet cells

A

produce most of the mucus, supplemented by mucous glands in lamina propria

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5
Q

Ciliated cells

A

—have motile cilia that propel the mucus posteriorly toward pharynx to be swallowed

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6
Q

Olfactory epithelium is involved in

A

the sense of smell

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7
Q

Kiesselbach

A

M/C region for nose bleeds

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8
Q

Woodruff plexus:

A

M/C for emergency treatment

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9
Q

Erectile tissue (swell body)

A

extensive venous plexus in epithelium of inferior concha (Turbinate)

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10
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular funnel extends from posterior nasal apertures to larynx, divided into three regions

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10
Q

Oropharynx

A

space between soft palate and epiglottis

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Nasopharynx

A

posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate
Receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil

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13
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

posterior to larynx, from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
Esophagus begins at that point

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14
Q

Nasopharynx passes

A

only air and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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15
Q

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx pass

A

air, food, and drink and are lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Muscles of the pharynx assist in

A

swallowing and speech

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17
Q

Larynx

A

Keep food and drink away from airway
voice box

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18
Q

Structure of the larynx

A

Epiglottis
During swallowing, extrinsic muscles pull larynx upward

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19
Q

Extrinsic muscles (infrahyoid group)

A

Elevate larynx during swallowing

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20
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A

Abduct or adduct vocal cords, depending on direction of rotation

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21
Q

Trachea

A

tube that connects larynx to bronchi; commonly called the “windpipe”
Supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage—prevent collapse during inhalation

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22
Q

Tracheostomy

A

to make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow
Prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction

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23
Q

Base

A

broad concave portion resting on diaphragm

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24
Apex
tip that projects just above the clavicle
25
Mediastinal surface
faces medially toward the heart
26
Pleura
serous membrane that lines thoracic wall and forms surface of lung
27
Main (primary) bronchi
Arise from fork of trachea
27
The main bronchi divide into
lobar (secondary) bronchi serving each lobe of each lung
28
Lobar bronchi branch into
segmental (tertiary) bronchi
29
muscularis mucosae
Mucosa has a well-developed layer of smooth muscle
30
Muscularis mucosae contracts or relaxes
to constrict or dilate the airway, regulating airflow.
31
Bronchioles
continuations of airway that lack supportive cartilage
32
Pulmonary lobule
portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole
33
AlveoliAlveoli
microscopic air pouches in the lungs, each about 480 million alveoli in each lung, providing 70m^2 of surface for gas exchange
34
Squamous (type 1) alveolar cells
Thin cells allow rapid gas diffusion between air and blood
35
Great (type 2) alveolar cells
Secrete pulmonary surfactant(fat and proteins)
36
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles
37
Diaphragm
prime mover of respiration
37
Respiratory membrane
thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood
38
Internal and external intercostal muscles
assist diaphragm
39
40
Acid-base balance
influences pH of body fluids by eliminating C O2
41
Respiratory zone
regions that participate in gas exchange
41
Conducting zone
passages that serve only for airflow (no gas exchange)
42
Respiratory membrane
thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood
42
Primary generator
Respiratory rhythm (12 beats per minute)
43
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
medulla Modifies the rate and depth of breathing Receives influences from external sources (pons, medulla, receptors in lungs, and higher brain centers)
44
Pontine respiratory group (PRG)
pons Modifies rhythm of VRG by outputs to both VRG and DRG Adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep, exercise, vocalization, and emotional responses (think of it as a habit)
45
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Carotid bodies communicate with the brainstem by the Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) Aortic bodies by Vagus nerve (X)
46
Stretch receptors
Respond to inflation of the lungs
47
Inflation (Hering–Breuer) reflex
triggered by excessive inflation; protective reflex: inhibits inspiratory neurons and stops inspiration
48
protective reflex: inhibits inspiratory neurons and stops inspiration Irritant receptors
Respond to smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus
48
Boyle’s law
governs air flow into and out of the lungs
49
Charles’s law
the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature
50
Pneumothorax
presence of air in pleural cavity Thoracic wall is punctured
51
Atelectasis
collapse of part or all of a lung
52
Bronchodilation
increase in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole Epinephrine
53
Bronchoconstriction
decrease in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole Histamine,
54
Pulmonary compliance
ease with which the lungs can expand; change in lung volume relative to a given pressure change
55
Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
amount of air ventilating alveoli per minute
56
Tidal volume (TV)
volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of breathing (500 mL)
57
Residual volume (RV)
air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (1,300 mL)
58
Vital capacity (VC)
total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort 6000 ML
59
Restrictive disorders
black lung disease, tuberculosis
60
Emphysema
elements of restrictive and obstructive disorders
60
Obstructive disorders
Make it harder to inhale or exhale a given amount of air asthma, chronic bronchitis
61
Kussmaul respiration
deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis** pt w type 2 diabetes
61
Orthopnea
dyspnea that occurs when person is lying down
62
Tachypnea
accelerated respiration
63
Dalton’s law
total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases
63
Alveolar gas exchange
the movement of O2 and C O2
63
Henry’s law
The greater the P O2 in the alveolar air, the more O2 the blood picks up
64
hypoxia
Lower partial pressure of oxygen
64
Ventilation
perfusion coupling Air flow and blood flow are matched to each other
65
Carbon monoxide (C O)
colorless, odorless gas in cigarette smoke, engine exhaust, fumes from gas furnaces
66
Chloride shift
bicarbonate pumped out of RBC in exchange for chloride ion from plasma
66
Acidosis
blood pH lower than 7.35
67
Alkalosis
blood pH higher than 7.45
68
hyperventilation can be a corrected by
“Blowing off” C O2 brown paper bag
69
C O2 affects
PH
70
Hypoxic drive
Caused by long-term hypoxemia Emphysema, pneumonia High elevations after several days
71
Hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen or the inability to use oxygen bronchitits
72
cyanosis
blueness of the skin
73
Hypoxemic hypoxia
oxygen deficiency at high elevations; impaired ventilation, as in drowning or aspiration of foreign matter; respiratory arrest; and degenerative lung diseases
74
Oxygen toxicity
Damages nervous tissue—leads to seizures, coma, death destroys enzymes
74
Ischemic hypoxia
Congestive heart failure
75
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)
long-term obstruction of airflow and substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation always associated with smoking
76
Chronic bronchitis
Goblet cells enlarge and produce excess mucus Symptoms include hypoxemia and cyanosis BLUE BLOATER
77
Cor pulmonale
hypertrophy and potential failure of right heart due to obstruction of pulmonary circulation
78
Emphysema
PINK PUFFER Much less respiratory membrane for gas exchange Air passages collapse lungs fibrotic and less elastic Air trapped in lungs; person becomes barrel-chested
79
Squamous-cell carcinoma
bronchial epithelium into stratified squamous from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
80
Small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma
Least common, most dangerous Originates in primary bronchi, invades mediastinum, metastasizes quickly to other organs
81

endocrine system (11 decks)

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