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endocrine system > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to stimulate physiological responses in other tissues/organs

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2
Q

Have ducts
external secretions” (Sweat)
Extracellular effects (food digestion)

A

Exocrine glands

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3
Q

-No ducts
“-Internal secretions” (Pituitary, thyroid, Ovaries, testes)

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

-reacts quickly (ms timescale), stops quickly
-response declines (adapts quickly)
-targeted and specific (one organ)

A

nervous system

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5
Q
  • reacts slowly (seconds or days), effect may continue for days or longer
    -response persists (adapts slowly)
    -general, widespread effects (many organs)
A

Endocrine system

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6
Q

-forms floor and walls of third ventricle of brain
-Regulates primitive functions from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

-suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk (infundibulum)
-housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

A

pituitary gland
(Hypophysis)

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8
Q

stimulates labor contractions (uterus) and milk release (mammary glands)
((Love Drug))

A

Oxytocin (OT)

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Acidophils, blood vessels, basophils

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10
Q

hormone stored in nerve endings, glial cells, nerve fibers

A

posterior pituitary

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11
Q

prolactin ( P R L )

A

after birth, stimulate latest mammary glands to synthesize milk

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12
Q

increases water retention by kidneys, thus reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration

A

Anti diuretic hormone (A D H)

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13
Q

posterior pituitary is controlled by

A

neuroendocrine reflexes

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14
Q

Growth hormone

A

I G F-I prolongs the action of …

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15
Q

boosts transcription and translation; increases amino acid uptake into cells; suppresses protein catabolism

A

protein synthesis

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16
Q

Stimulation of bone, cartilage, and muscle growth, especially during childhood and adolescence

A
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17
Q

-attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum
-After age 7, it undergoes involution
-Down 75% by end of puberty
-synthesizes melatonin at night

A

Pineal gland

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18
Q

-Decreases urinary excretion
-Increases bone resorption
-Promotes synthesis of calcitriol
-increases absorption of Ca2+

A

parathyroid hormone (P T H)

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18
Q

Secretes hormones (thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin) that stimulate development of other lymphoid organs and activity of T lymphocytes

A

Thymus

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18
Q

largest gland that is purely endocrine

A

Thyroid gland

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18
Q

Thyroid gland

A

-structure is Dark reddish brown color due to rich blood supply
-simple cuboidal epithelium of follicular cells

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18
Q

Thyroid markers

A

TSH, T4, T3

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19
Q

Dual nature acting as an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system (Fight or flight)

A

Adrenal Medulla

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20
Q

Increase alertness and prepare body for physical activity

A

catecholamines

21
Q

Increase in adrenaline =

A

decrease digestion/urine production

22
Q

(thin, outer layer) (Salt) of adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa

23
Q

-(thick, middle layer) (Sugar) of adrenal cortex
-(regulate fuel metabolism)

A

Zona fasciculata

24
Q

-(narrow, inner layer) (Sex) of adrenal cortex
-Sex Hormones

A

Zona reticularis

25
Q

-most potent glucocorticoid
-Helps body adapt to stress, repair damaged tissues

A

Cortisol

26
Q

At puberty, stimulates pubic, axillary hair growth, gland development, and libido

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (D H E A)

27
Q

Alpha cells (20%)
Beta cells (70%)
Delta cells (5%)
Small number of PP cells and others

A

Pancreas

28
Q

secrete glucagon between meals when blood glucose concentration falls

A

Alpha (α) cells (glucagon cells)

29
Q

secrete insulin and amylin after a meal

A

Beta (β) cells (insulin cells)

30
Q

secrete somatostatin in response to glucose, amino acids

A

Delta (δ) cells (somatostatin cells)

31
Q

romotes intestinal absorption of iron

A

Hepcidin

32
Q

hepcidin

A

romotes intestinal absorption of iron

33
Q

a large peptide hormone

A

insulin

34
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

peptide, steroid, and monoamines (biogenic amines)

35
Q

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates….

A

the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in situations of stress

36
Q

WHICH HORMONE IS NOT STORED?

A

steroid hormones

37
Q

Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

A

releases calcium into body and assist in attention deficient disorders

38
Q

Three stages for GAS(general adaptation syndrome):

A

Alarm reaction
State of resistance
Stage of exhaustion (death)

39
Q

Hans Selye

A

everything=stress (depends how it is handled)

40
Q

-provide alternative fuels for metabolism
-Pituitary secretes A C T H
-Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (C R H)

A

Stage of resistance

41
Q

from mast cells in connective tissue; causes relaxation of blood vessel

A

Histamine

42
Q

from endothelium of blood vessels, causes vasodilation
Catecholamine

A

Nitric oxide

43
Q

Inhibit inflammation; blocks release of arachidonice acid
- inhibit synthesis of eicosanoids

A

Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (S A I Ds)

44
Q

-auto antibodies mimic effect of T S H on the thyroid (bind and activate T S H receptor), causing thyroid hypersecretion
- symptoms: always hot ,losing hair, rapid heartbeat, extreme weight loss

A

Toxic goiter (Graves’ disease)

45
Q

hypersecretion of GH during childhood (before growth plates are depleted)

A

Gigantism

46
Q

hyposecretion of GH during childhood

A

pituitary dwarfism

47
Q

hypersecretion of GH during adulthood (after growth plates closed)

A

Acromegaly

48
Q

children NEED ?

A

iodine

49
Q

Rapid decline in blood calcium level, low PTH

A

Hypoparathyroidism

50
Q

-symptoms: Abnormal fat deposition; moon face and buffalo hump
-excess cortisol secretion

A

Cushing syndrome

51
Q

-adrenal androgen hypersecretion (often accompanies Cushing)
- symptoms: Masculinizing effects on women; increased body hair, deeper voice, beard growth; Enlargement of external sexual organs in children and early onset of puberty; newborn girls exhibit masculinized genitalia

A

Adrenogenital syndrome (A G S)

52
Q

hereditary, insulin levels very low
treatments: insulin injections, insulin pump, or dry insulin inhaler
RARE

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

53
Q

-insulin resistant
-Risk factors= heredity, age (40+), obesity, and ethnicity
-Treatments: weight loss program/exercise
COMMON

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

54
Q

-occurs as ketones decrease blood PH
-Deep, gasping breathing (Kussmaul respiration) and diabetic coma are terminal result

A

Ketoacidosis

endocrine system (11 decks)

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