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endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to stimulate physiological responses in other tissues/organs

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2
Q

Have ducts
external secretions” (Sweat)
Extracellular effects (food digestion)

A

Exocrine glands

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3
Q

-No ducts
“-Internal secretions” (Pituitary, thyroid, Ovaries, testes)

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

-reacts quickly (ms timescale), stops quickly
-response declines (adapts quickly)
-targeted and specific (one organ)

A

nervous system

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5
Q
  • reacts slowly (seconds or days), effect may continue for days or longer
    -response persists (adapts slowly)
    -general, widespread effects (many organs)
A

Endocrine system

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6
Q

-forms floor and walls of third ventricle of brain
-Regulates primitive functions from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

-suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk (infundibulum)
-housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

A

pituitary gland
(Hypophysis)

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8
Q

stimulates labor contractions (uterus) and milk release (mammary glands)
((Love Drug))

A

Oxytocin (OT)

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Acidophils, blood vessels, basophils

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10
Q

hormone stored in nerve endings, glial cells, nerve fibers

A

posterior pituitary

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11
Q

prolactin ( P R L )

A

after birth, stimulate latest mammary glands to synthesize milk

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12
Q

increases water retention by kidneys, thus reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration

A

Anti diuretic hormone (A D H)

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13
Q

posterior pituitary is controlled by

A

neuroendocrine reflexes

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14
Q

Growth hormone

A

I G F-I prolongs the action of …

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15
Q

boosts transcription and translation; increases amino acid uptake into cells; suppresses protein catabolism

A

protein synthesis

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16
Q

Stimulation of bone, cartilage, and muscle growth, especially during childhood and adolescence

A
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17
Q

-attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum
-After age 7, it undergoes involution
-Down 75% by end of puberty
-synthesizes melatonin at night

A

Pineal gland

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18
Q

-Decreases urinary excretion
-Increases bone resorption
-Promotes synthesis of calcitriol
-increases absorption of Ca2+

A

parathyroid hormone (P T H)

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18
Q

Secretes hormones (thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin) that stimulate development of other lymphoid organs and activity of T lymphocytes

A

Thymus

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18
Q

largest gland that is purely endocrine

A

Thyroid gland

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18
Q

Thyroid gland

A

-structure is Dark reddish brown color due to rich blood supply
-simple cuboidal epithelium of follicular cells

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18
Q

Thyroid markers

A

TSH, T4, T3

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19
Q

Dual nature acting as an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system (Fight or flight)

A

Adrenal Medulla

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20
Q

Increase alertness and prepare body for physical activity

A

catecholamines

21
Increase in adrenaline =
decrease digestion/urine production
22
(thin, outer layer) (Salt) of adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa
23
-(thick, middle layer) (Sugar) of adrenal cortex -(regulate fuel metabolism)
Zona fasciculata
24
-(narrow, inner layer) (Sex) of adrenal cortex -Sex Hormones
Zona reticularis
25
-most potent glucocorticoid -Helps body adapt to stress, repair damaged tissues
Cortisol
26
At puberty, stimulates pubic, axillary hair growth, gland development, and libido
Dehydroepiandrosterone (D H E A)
27
Alpha cells (20%) Beta cells (70%) Delta cells (5%) Small number of PP cells and others
Pancreas
28
secrete glucagon between meals when blood glucose concentration falls
Alpha (α) cells (glucagon cells)
29
secrete insulin and amylin after a meal
Beta (β) cells (insulin cells)
30
secrete somatostatin in response to glucose, amino acids
Delta (δ) cells (somatostatin cells)
31
romotes intestinal absorption of iron
Hepcidin
32
hepcidin
romotes intestinal absorption of iron
33
a large peptide hormone
insulin
34
3 classes of hormones
peptide, steroid, and monoamines (biogenic amines)
35
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates....
the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in situations of stress
36
WHICH HORMONE IS NOT STORED?
steroid hormones
37
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
releases calcium into body and assist in attention deficient disorders
38
Three stages for GAS(general adaptation syndrome):
Alarm reaction State of resistance Stage of exhaustion (death)
39
Hans Selye
everything=stress (depends how it is handled)
40
-provide alternative fuels for metabolism -Pituitary secretes A C T H -Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (C R H)
Stage of resistance
41
from mast cells in connective tissue; causes relaxation of blood vessel
Histamine
42
from endothelium of blood vessels, causes vasodilation Catecholamine
Nitric oxide
43
Inhibit inflammation; blocks release of arachidonice acid - inhibit synthesis of eicosanoids
Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (S A I Ds)
44
-auto antibodies mimic effect of T S H on the thyroid (bind and activate T S H receptor), causing thyroid hypersecretion - symptoms: always hot ,losing hair, rapid heartbeat, extreme weight loss
Toxic goiter (Graves’ disease)
45
hypersecretion of GH during childhood (before growth plates are depleted)
Gigantism
46
hyposecretion of GH during childhood
pituitary dwarfism
47
hypersecretion of GH during adulthood (after growth plates closed)
Acromegaly
48
children NEED ?
iodine
49
Rapid decline in blood calcium level, low PTH
Hypoparathyroidism
50
-symptoms: Abnormal fat deposition; moon face and buffalo hump -excess cortisol secretion
Cushing syndrome
51
-adrenal androgen hypersecretion (often accompanies Cushing) - symptoms: Masculinizing effects on women; increased body hair, deeper voice, beard growth; Enlargement of external sexual organs in children and early onset of puberty; newborn girls exhibit masculinized genitalia
Adrenogenital syndrome (A G S)
52
hereditary, insulin levels very low treatments: insulin injections, insulin pump, or dry insulin inhaler RARE
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
53
-insulin resistant -Risk factors= heredity, age (40+), obesity, and ethnicity -Treatments: weight loss program/exercise COMMON
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
54
-occurs as ketones decrease blood PH -Deep, gasping breathing (Kussmaul respiration) and diabetic coma are terminal result
Ketoacidosis

endocrine system (11 decks)

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