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AP Biology > The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Elements That Make Up The Most Biomass

A
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Carbon (C)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Nitrogen (N)
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2
Q

Trace Elements

A

Elements that are required by an organism in small amounts

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3
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties

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4
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles that are found in the core of an atom

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5
Q

Neutrons

A

Non charged particles that are found in the core of an atom

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6
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles that orbit the core of an atom

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

The core of an atom

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons

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9
Q

Chemical Compound

A

Two or more different types of atoms combined in a fixed ratio

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10
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

Hold together the atoms in a compound

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11
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Formed between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other

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12
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Formed when electrons are shared between atoms

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13
Q

Nonpolar Covalent

A

Formed when electrons are shared equally between atoms

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14
Q

Polar Covalent

A

Formed when electrons are not shared equally between atoms

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15
Q

Polar

A

Molecules that have partially positive and partially negative charges

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16
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak chemical bond that form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom

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17
Q

Cohesion

A

Molecules having the tendency to stick together

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18
Q

Adhesion

A

Molecules having the tendency to stick to other things

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19
Q

Heat Capacity

A

Ability of a substance to store heat

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20
Q

Properties of Water

A
  • Polar
  • Cohesive
  • Adhesive
  • High Heat Capacity
  • Solvent
  • High Surface Tension
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21
Q

Acid

A

A substance that contains a lot of hydrogen ions (0-6.9 pH)

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22
Q

Neutral

A

A substance that contains no hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions (7 pH)

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23
Q

Base/Alkaline

A

A substance that contains a lot of hydroxide ions (7.1-14 pH)

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24
Q

pH Scale

A

Measures the alkalinity or acidity of a substance

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25
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Chemical compounds that contain carbon atoms

26
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Chemical compounds that do not contain carbon atoms (Except for Carbon Dioxide)

27
Q

Four Types of Organic Compounds

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
28
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

29
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single sugars (Monomers)

30
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two sugars

31
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many sugars (Polymers)

32
Q

Two Most Common Sugars

A
  • Glucose

- Fructose

33
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule with repeating subunits of the same general type

34
Q

Most Common Polysaccharides

A
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
35
Q

Plastid

A

Plant storage for glucose in the form of starch

36
Q

Amino Acids

A

Organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of proteins (Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen)

37
Q

Four Important Parts to an Amino Acid

A
  • Amino Group (-NH2)
  • Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
  • Hydrogen
  • R Group
38
Q

R Group/Side Chain

A

The variable group that helps determine what amino acid the polymer will be

39
Q

Functional Groups

A

The distinctive groups of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are a part of`

40
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids joined together

41
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The bond formed between two amino acids

42
Q

Polypeptide

A

Amino acids joined together in a string

43
Q

Protein

A

The three-dimensional structure formed after a polypeptide chain twists and folds

44
Q

Lipids

A

Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but not in a 1:2:1 ratio

45
Q

Common Lipids

A
  • Fats
  • Oils
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
46
Q

Neutral Fats

A

Simple lipids, consist of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol

47
Q

Ester Linkage

A

Linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids

48
Q

Saturated

A

Lipid that has a single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms

49
Q

Unsaturated

A

Lipid that has adjacent carbons joined by double bonds

50
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

Fatty acid that has many double bonds

51
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating molecules

52
Q

Hydrophillic

A

Water loving molecules

53
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecules that have both a hydrophillic and a hydrophobic region

54
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

55
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers of nucleic acids (A, T, U, C, G)

56
Q

Common Types of Nucleic Acids

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

57
Q

Oparin and Haldane

A

Scientists that proposed that the primitive atmosphere contained the following gases:

  • Methane (CH4)
  • Ammonia (NH3)
  • Hydrogen
  • Water
58
Q

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

A

Scientists that simulated the Oparin and Haldane hypothesis and found that amino acids could be created in that atmosphere

59
Q

Heterotrophs (Consumers)

A

Living organisms that rely on organic molecules for food

60
Q

Autotrophs (Producers)

A

Organisms that make their own food

AP Biology (10 decks)

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