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AP Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Life’s basic unit of structure and function

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2
Q

Light Microscopes

A

Used to study stained or living cells

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3
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

Used to study detailed structure of a cell and can magnify up to 50.1^6 times but can only observe killed cells of specimens

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4
Q

Types of Cells

A
  • Prokaryotes

- Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Contains a nucleus and cytoplasm, that is filled with organelles

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6
Q

Types of Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Animal Cells
  • Plant Cells
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7
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Lacks both a nucleus and organelles

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8
Q

Types of Prokaryotic Cells

A

Bacteria (Archaebacteria and Eubacteria)

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9
Q

Nucleoid

A

Area where the continuous strand of DNA is located in a prokaryote

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10
Q

Flagellum

A

Long tail that helps prokaryotes move

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11
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A cell’s outer envelope

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12
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Proteins that are loosely associated with the lipid bilayer and are located on the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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13
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Proteins that are firmly bound to the plasma membrane and are amphipathic

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14
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

Integral proteins that do not extend all the way through the membrane

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15
Q

Fluid-Mosaic Model

A

Arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in the plasma membrane

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16
Q

Adhesion Proteins

A

Membrane proteins that form junctions between adjacent cells

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17
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Membrane proteins that serve as docking sites for proteins of the extracellular matrix or hormones

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18
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Membrane proteins that form channels that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or molecules

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19
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Membrane proteins that form pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across the membrane

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20
Q

Recognition and Adhesion Proteins

A

Proteins that exposed on the extracellular surface that pay a role in cell recognition and adhesion

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21
Q

Carbohydrate Side Chains

A

Used to recognize other cells and substances

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22
Q

Cholesterol

A

Help stabilize membrane fluidity in animal cells

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23
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center of the cell

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24
Q

Chromosomes

A

Organized heredity information in the form of DNA

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25
Q

Nucleoulus

A

Where rRNA is made and ribosomes are assembled within the nucleus

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26
Q

Ribosomes

A

The sites of protein synthesis

27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

A continuous channel that extends into many regions of the cytoplasm

28
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Place where proteins that are to be exported outside of the cell are made

29
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Lacks ribosomes and makes lipids, hormones, steroid and breaks down toxic chemicals

30
Q

Golgi Body

A

Sort and package proteins that are to be exported out of the cell

31
Q

Vesicles

A

Carry products to the plasma membrane and release them via exocytosis

32
Q

Mitochondira

A

Responsible for converting the energy from organic molecules into useful energy for the cell

33
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Energy molecule of the cell

34
Q

Lysosomes

A

Carry digestive enzymes and are used to break down old organelles, debris, and ingested particles

35
Q

Centrioles

A

Small, paired, cylindrical structures that are found within microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) and produce microtubules

36
Q

Vacuoles

A

Fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigments

37
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Detoxify various substances and make Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) which is then broken down by enzymes into Oxygen and Water

38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibers that determine the shape of a cell

39
Q

Fibers in the Cell

A
  • Microtubules

- Microfilaments

40
Q

Tubulin

A

Protein that makes up microtubules

41
Q

Microtubules

A

Participate in cellular division and movement

42
Q

Cilia

A

Threadlike structures used for movement in single-celled organisms

43
Q

Cell Wall

A

Protective outer layer in plants made out of cellulose

44
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles involved in the process of photosynthesis

45
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Movement of substances from high to low concentration

46
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement across a membrane that does not require energy

47
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from high to low concentration

48
Q

Solute

A

Dissolved substance

49
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

Proteins pick up a substance from one side of the membrane and carry it to the other side

50
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement across a membrane that does require energy in the form of ATP

51
Q

Endocytosis

A

Taking in of molecules and substances by a cell by surrounding the molecule with a piece of the membrane and using the membrane to form a vesicle so that it can enter the cell

52
Q

Types of Endocytosis

A
  • Pinocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
53
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The cell ingests liquids

54
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The cell takes in solids

55
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

A ligand binds to a receptor protein which signals for the cell to form a vesicle around the ligand and bring the ligand into the cell

56
Q

Bulk Flow

A

One-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure

57
Q

Dialysis

A

Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

58
Q

Exocytosis

A

Ejection of wastes or secretion products by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane

59
Q

Intercellular Junctions

A

Space formed in between two cells to pass information and cytoplasm

60
Q

Types of Intercellular Contact

A
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap Junctions
  • Tight Junctions
61
Q

Desmosomes

A

Hold adjacent animal cells tightly to one another

62
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allow communication between cytoplasm of two cells and the transfer of small molecules and ions

63
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Tight connections between the membranes of two cells in order to prevent leakage

AP Biology (10 decks)

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