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AP Biology > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Euchromatin

A

When genetic material is in a loose form (active genes)

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2
Q

Heterochromatin

A

When genetic material is fully condensed into coils (inactive genes)

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3
Q

Double Helix

A

Structure of DNA

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4
Q

Nucleotides

A

Repeated subunits that make up DNA and RNA

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5
Q

Nucleotide Structure

A
  • Five Carbon Sugar
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogenous Base
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6
Q

Adenine

A

A purine that pairs with thymine or uracil

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7
Q

Guanine

A

A purine that pairs up with cytosine

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8
Q

Cytosine

A

A pyrimidine that pairs up with guanine

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9
Q

Thymine

A

A pyrimidine that pairs up with adenine

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10
Q

Purine

A

Double-Ringed nitrogenous base

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11
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Single-Ringed nitrogenous base

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12
Q

Deoxyribose

A

The sugar found in DNA

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13
Q

Phosphodiester Bonds

A

Bonds that link nucleotides together

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14
Q

Base Pairing

A

Predictable matching of nucleotide bases

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15
Q

Complementary

A

Means that if you the sequence of one strand, you will know the sequence of the other strand

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16
Q

Antiparallel

A

DNA strands run in opposite directions

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17
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Link the DNA strands together at the base pairs (2 bonds for Adenine and Thymine, 3 bonds for Cytosine and Guanine)

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18
Q

DNA Replication

A

Copying of DNA

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19
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that unzips the DNA helix

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20
Q

Replication Fork

A

Formed by the exposed strands being split

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21
Q

Origins of Replication

A

Replication begins in multiple areas at once at specific points along the strand

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22
Q

Topoisomerases

A

Enzymes that cut and rejoin the helix to prevent tangling

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23
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides to the strands (Can only add to the 3’ end)

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24
Q

RNA Primase

A

Adds RNA nucleotides so DNA Polymerase can add nucleotides to the strand

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25
Q

Leading Strand

A

The strand that is being made continuously

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26
Q

Lagging Strand

A

The strand that is made discontinuously

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27
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Pieces of nucleotides that make up the lagging strand

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28
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Links all Okazaki Fragments together to make a single strand

29
Q

Semiconservative

A

DNA keeps half of the original piece of DNA in the new strands that are made

30
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Control the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA by binding to specific DNA sequences

31
Q

Ribose

A

The five carbon sugar that makes up RNA

32
Q

Uracil

A

Replaces Thymine in the RNA sequence

33
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Copies the information stored in the DNA and carries it to the ribosome

34
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Makes up part of the ribosome and is produced in the nucleolus

35
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Shuttles amino acids to ribosomes

36
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Process of creating a protein

37
Q

Steps of Protein Synthesis

A
  • Transcription
  • RNA Processing
  • Translation
38
Q

Promoters

A

Transcription begins at these regions on the DNA sequence

39
Q

Sense Strand

A

Strand of DNA that is used as a template for mRNA

40
Q

Antisense Strand

A

Strand of DNA that lies dormant during transcription

41
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Brings free-floating RNA nucleotides to the DNA strand and creates mRNA

42
Q

Exons

A

The regions of mRNA that express the code for the polypeptide

43
Q

Introns

A

The noncoding regions of mRNA

44
Q

Spliceosome

A

RNA-Protein complex that removes introns

45
Q

3’ Poly-A Tail and 5’ GTP Cap

A

Prevent the mRNA from being destroyed by enzymes after it leaves the nucleus

46
Q

Codons

A

Groups of three bases that correspond to one of twenty amino acids

47
Q

Anticodon

A

Three nitrogenous bases that can base pair with the codon in the mRNA

48
Q

Sites of A Ribosome

A
  • E Site (Exit)
  • P Site (Placement of Amino Acid)
  • A Site (Attachment of tRNA)
49
Q

Primary Structure

A

The linear sequence of amino acids

50
Q

Secondary Structure

A

The protein begins to twist and alpha helices and beta pleated sheets form

51
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

The three dimensional pattern of a protein

52
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Happens when a group of polypeptides get together to form a protein

53
Q

Chaperonins

A

Help the protein fold properly and make the process more efficient

54
Q

Types of Mutations

A
  • Base Substitutions

- Gene Rearrangements

55
Q

Base Substitution

A

Results when one base is substituted for another

56
Q

Nonsense Mutations

A

Result in early termination of protein synthesis

57
Q

Missense Mutations

A

A codon is altered and produces a different amino acid than before

58
Q

Silent Mutations

A

Cause no detectable change in the corresponding protein sequence

59
Q

Gene Rearrangements

A

Involve DNA sequences that have deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations which are caused by chemical/radioactive agents

60
Q

Deletion

A

Result in the loss of DNA or a gene

61
Q

Duplication

A

Result in an extra copy of a gene

62
Q

Inversions

A

Results when changes in the orientation of chromosomal regions occurs

63
Q

Translocation

A

Occur when a portion of two different chromosomes breaks off and rejoins in a way that the DNA sequence is lost, repeated, or interrupted

64
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Branch of technology that produces new organisms or products by transferring genes between cells

65
Q

Restriction Enzyme

A

Recognizes a short DNA sequence and cuts both DNA strands at recognition sequences

66
Q

Sticky End

A

Double-Stranded restriction fragments that have at least one single-stranded end

67
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

A way to separate DNA fragments based on their weight

68
Q

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

A

Slight differences in the length of restriction fragments between organisms

69
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Taq Polymerase is placed with DNA and nucleic acids in order to make multiple copies of DNA at varying temperature stages

AP Biology (10 decks)

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