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AP Biology > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Euchromatin

A

When genetic material is in a loose form (active genes)

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2
Q

Heterochromatin

A

When genetic material is fully condensed into coils (inactive genes)

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3
Q

Double Helix

A

Structure of DNA

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4
Q

Nucleotides

A

Repeated subunits that make up DNA and RNA

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5
Q

Nucleotide Structure

A
  • Five Carbon Sugar
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogenous Base
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6
Q

Adenine

A

A purine that pairs with thymine or uracil

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7
Q

Guanine

A

A purine that pairs up with cytosine

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8
Q

Cytosine

A

A pyrimidine that pairs up with guanine

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9
Q

Thymine

A

A pyrimidine that pairs up with adenine

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10
Q

Purine

A

Double-Ringed nitrogenous base

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11
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Single-Ringed nitrogenous base

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12
Q

Deoxyribose

A

The sugar found in DNA

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13
Q

Phosphodiester Bonds

A

Bonds that link nucleotides together

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14
Q

Base Pairing

A

Predictable matching of nucleotide bases

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15
Q

Complementary

A

Means that if you the sequence of one strand, you will know the sequence of the other strand

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16
Q

Antiparallel

A

DNA strands run in opposite directions

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17
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Link the DNA strands together at the base pairs (2 bonds for Adenine and Thymine, 3 bonds for Cytosine and Guanine)

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18
Q

DNA Replication

A

Copying of DNA

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19
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that unzips the DNA helix

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20
Q

Replication Fork

A

Formed by the exposed strands being split

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21
Q

Origins of Replication

A

Replication begins in multiple areas at once at specific points along the strand

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22
Q

Topoisomerases

A

Enzymes that cut and rejoin the helix to prevent tangling

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23
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides to the strands (Can only add to the 3’ end)

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24
Q

RNA Primase

A

Adds RNA nucleotides so DNA Polymerase can add nucleotides to the strand

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25
Leading Strand
The strand that is being made continuously
26
Lagging Strand
The strand that is made discontinuously
27
Okazaki Fragments
Pieces of nucleotides that make up the lagging strand
28
DNA Ligase
Links all Okazaki Fragments together to make a single strand
29
Semiconservative
DNA keeps half of the original piece of DNA in the new strands that are made
30
Transcription Factors
Control the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA by binding to specific DNA sequences
31
Ribose
The five carbon sugar that makes up RNA
32
Uracil
Replaces Thymine in the RNA sequence
33
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Copies the information stored in the DNA and carries it to the ribosome
34
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Makes up part of the ribosome and is produced in the nucleolus
35
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Shuttles amino acids to ribosomes
36
Protein Synthesis
Process of creating a protein
37
Steps of Protein Synthesis
- Transcription - RNA Processing - Translation
38
Promoters
Transcription begins at these regions on the DNA sequence
39
Sense Strand
Strand of DNA that is used as a template for mRNA
40
Antisense Strand
Strand of DNA that lies dormant during transcription
41
RNA Polymerase
Brings free-floating RNA nucleotides to the DNA strand and creates mRNA
42
Exons
The regions of mRNA that express the code for the polypeptide
43
Introns
The noncoding regions of mRNA
44
Spliceosome
RNA-Protein complex that removes introns
45
3' Poly-A Tail and 5' GTP Cap
Prevent the mRNA from being destroyed by enzymes after it leaves the nucleus
46
Codons
Groups of three bases that correspond to one of twenty amino acids
47
Anticodon
Three nitrogenous bases that can base pair with the codon in the mRNA
48
Sites of A Ribosome
- E Site (Exit) - P Site (Placement of Amino Acid) - A Site (Attachment of tRNA)
49
Primary Structure
The linear sequence of amino acids
50
Secondary Structure
The protein begins to twist and alpha helices and beta pleated sheets form
51
Tertiary Structure
The three dimensional pattern of a protein
52
Quaternary Structure
Happens when a group of polypeptides get together to form a protein
53
Chaperonins
Help the protein fold properly and make the process more efficient
54
Types of Mutations
- Base Substitutions | - Gene Rearrangements
55
Base Substitution
Results when one base is substituted for another
56
Nonsense Mutations
Result in early termination of protein synthesis
57
Missense Mutations
A codon is altered and produces a different amino acid than before
58
Silent Mutations
Cause no detectable change in the corresponding protein sequence
59
Gene Rearrangements
Involve DNA sequences that have deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations which are caused by chemical/radioactive agents
60
Deletion
Result in the loss of DNA or a gene
61
Duplication
Result in an extra copy of a gene
62
Inversions
Results when changes in the orientation of chromosomal regions occurs
63
Translocation
Occur when a portion of two different chromosomes breaks off and rejoins in a way that the DNA sequence is lost, repeated, or interrupted
64
Genetic Engineering
Branch of technology that produces new organisms or products by transferring genes between cells
65
Restriction Enzyme
Recognizes a short DNA sequence and cuts both DNA strands at recognition sequences
66
Sticky End
Double-Stranded restriction fragments that have at least one single-stranded end
67
Gel Electrophoresis
A way to separate DNA fragments based on their weight
68
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Slight differences in the length of restriction fragments between organisms
69
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Taq Polymerase is placed with DNA and nucleic acids in order to make multiple copies of DNA at varying temperature stages

AP Biology (10 decks)

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