Behavior and Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavior

A

How organisms cope with their environments

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2
Q

Instinct

A

An inborn, unlearned behavior

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3
Q

Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)

A

Not simple reflexes and are not conscious decisions but must be completed in response to a certain stimulus

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4
Q

Learning

A

A change in behavior brought by an experience

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5
Q

Imprinting

A

Learning of social behavior through senses

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6
Q

Critical Period

A

A window of time when the animal is sensitive to certain aspects of the environment

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Association of a positive/negative result with a neutral stimulus

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8
Q

Associative Learning

A

Using a neutral stimulus to get a result from an organism

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9
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Trial and error learning

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10
Q

Habitutation

A

Learning to not respond to a certain stimulus

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11
Q

Insight

A

The ability to figure out a behavior that generates a desired outcome

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12
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

The internal sleep cycle of an organism

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13
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical signals between members of the same species that stimulate olfactory receptors and ultimately affect behavior

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14
Q

Agnostic Behavior

A

Aggressive behavior that occurs as a result of competition for foods or resources

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15
Q

Dominance Hierarchies

A

Occur when members in a group have established which members are the most dominant

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16
Q

Territoriality

A

A common behavior when food and nesting sites are short in supply

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17
Q

Altruistic Behavior

A

Unselfish behavior that benefits another organism in the group at the individual’s expense because it advances the genes of the group

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18
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Plants bloom in response to changes in the amount of daylight and darkness

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19
Q

Tropism

A

A turning in response to a stimulus

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20
Q

Phototropism

A

How plants respond to sunlight

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21
Q

Gravitropism

A

How plants respond to gravity

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22
Q

Thigmotropism

A

How plants respond to touch

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23
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the interactions between living things and their environments

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24
Q

Biosphere

A

The entire part of the Earth where living things exist

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25
Q

Ecosystem

A

The interaction of living and nonliving things

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26
Q

Community

A

A group of populations interacting in the same area

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27
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals that belong to the same species that are interbreeding

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28
Q

Biomes

A

Large regions within the Biosphere

29
Q

Major Biomes

A
  • Tundra
  • Taiga
  • Temperate Deciduous Forest
  • Grasslands
  • Deserts
  • Tropical Rain Forests
30
Q

Tundra Characteristics

A
  • Regions: Northernmost Regions
  • Plant Life: Few Trees, Grasses, Wildflowers
  • Characteristics: Permafrost and Short Growing Season
  • Animal Life: Lemmings, Arctic Foxes, Snowy Owls, Caribou, Reindeer
31
Q

Taiga Characteristics

A
  • Regions: Northern Forests
  • Plant Life: Evergreens
  • Characteristics: Very Cold, Long Winters
  • Animal Life: Caribou, Wolves, Moose, Bear, Rabbits, Lynx
32
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest Characteristics

A
  • Regions: Northeast/Middle Eastern U.S, West Europe
  • Plant Life: Deciduous Trees
  • Characteristics: Moderate Precipitation, Warm Summers, Cold Winters
  • Animal Life: Deer, Wolves, Bears, Small Mammals, Birds
33
Q

Grasslands Characteristics

A
  • Regions: American Midwest, Eurasia, Africa, South America
  • Plant Life: Grasses
  • Characteristics: Hot Summers, Cold Winters, Unpredictable Rainfall
  • Animal Life: Prairie Dogs, Bison, Foxes, Ferrets, Grouse, Snakes, Lizards
34
Q

Desert Characterstics

A
  • Regions: Western U.S.
  • Plant Life: Cacti, Other Drought Resistant Flora
  • Characteristics: Arid, Low Rainfall, Extreme Temperature Shifts
  • Animal Life: Jackrabbits, owls, kangaroo rats, lizards, snakes, tortoises
35
Q

Tropical Rain Forest Characteristics

A
  • Regions: South America
  • Plant Life: High biomass, very diverse
  • Characteristics: High Rainfall and Temperature, Impoverished Soil
  • Animal Life: Sloths, snakes, monkeys, birds, leopards, insects
36
Q

Producers

A

Have all of the raw building blocks to make their own food

37
Q

Consumers

A

Forced to find their energy sources in the outside world

38
Q

Decomposers

A

The organisms that break down organic matter into simpler products

39
Q

Niche

A

An organism’s position or function in a community

40
Q

Food Chain

A

Describes the way different organisms depend on one another for food

41
Q

Primary Consumer/Herbivores

A

Organisms that feed directly feed on producers

42
Q

Secondary Consumers/Carnivores/Omnivores

A

Feed on primary consumers and plant life

43
Q

Tertiary Consumers

A

Feed on secondary consumers, primary consumers, and plants

44
Q

10% Rule

A

In a food chain only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level

45
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit from a relationship

46
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism lives off another with no harm done to the other organism

47
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism harms its host

48
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum number of individuals of a species that a habitat can support

49
Q

Population Density

A

The size of a population

50
Q

Density-Independent Factors

A

Factors that affect the population regardless of size

51
Q

Density-Dependent Factors

A

Factors that affect population based on size

52
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Occurs when a population is in an ideal environment with unlimited resources

53
Q

Logistic Growth

A

Occurs when a population becomes restricted in size because of limited resources

54
Q

R-Strategists

A

Produce lots of offspring to ensure survival, very little care to offspring, short life-span, small

55
Q

K-Strategists

A

Produce few offspring, take care of offspring, long-life span, large, little competition

56
Q

Ecological Succession

A

Refers to the predictable procession of plant communities over a short period of time

57
Q

Primary Succession

A

Occurs on bare rock

58
Q

Pioneer Organisms

A

First organisms to appear in an ecosystem (make soil)

59
Q

Sere

A

Replacement of organisms over time as they are no longer needed in the ecosystem

60
Q

Climax Community

A

The final community as a result of succession

61
Q

Secondary Succession

A

Occurs on soil that is already in place

62
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

The increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 through the burning of fossil fuels and forests resulting in the warming of the Earth

63
Q

Ozone Depletion

A

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) deplete the ozone layer and make organisms more respondent to UV Rays

64
Q

Acid Rain

A

Sulfur and Nitrogen Dioxide mix with water and precipitate, destroying forests and metals

65
Q

Desertification

A

Overgrazing by animals turns grasslands into deserts

66
Q

Deforestation

A

Clearing forests results in heavy erosion, flooding, and changing weather patterns

67
Q

Pollution

A

Toxins and chemicals released into the environment harm organisms and destroy ecosystems

68
Q

Biomagnification

A

The increasing effect of pollutants as they move up the food chain

69
Q

Reduction In Biodiversity

A

More flora and fauna become extinct as habitats are destroyed