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ZOO 201 > The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

six (6) characteristics of life
C
G
R
C
H
M

A
  1. Chemical Uniqueness
  2. Growth
  3. Reproduction
  4. Complexity and Hierarchical Organization
  5. Homeostasis
  6. Metabolism
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2
Q

basic substance that cannot be simplified or broken down into simpler units by ordinary chemical reaction

A

Element

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3
Q

substance with 1 or more element

A

Compound

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4
Q

smallest amount of an element

A

Atom

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5
Q

two or more atoms chemically joined together

A

Molecule

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6
Q

96% of living organisms are made of (most abundant elements):

A
  1. Carbon (C)
  2. Hydrogen (H)
  3. Oxygen (O)
  4. Nitrogen (N)
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7
Q

fifteen (15) naturally occurring elements in animals:

A
  1. Oxygen (O)
  2. Carbon (C)
  3. Hydrogen (H)
  4. Nitrogen (N)
  5. Calcium (Ca)
  6. Phosphorus (P)
  7. Potassium (K)
  8. Sulfur (S)
  9. Sodium (Na)
  10. Chlorine (Cl)
  11. Magnesium (Mg)
  12. Manganese (Mn)
  13. Iron (Fe)
  14. Copper (Cu)
  15. Iodine (I)
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8
Q

Biochemistry is essential for understanding the ______ and ______ of animals because body functions involve ________ in structural units, such as _______

A
  1. structure
  2. function
  3. chemical changes
  4. cells
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9
Q

biological systems follow the _____ and _____ laws

A
  1. physical
  2. chemical
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10
Q

current number of elements in the periodic table

A

118

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11
Q

six (6) vital elements in life:

A
  1. Hydrogen (H)
  2. Carbon (C)
  3. Nitrogen (N)
  4. Oxygen (O)
  5. Phosphorus (P)
  6. Sulfur (S)
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12
Q

six (6) essential elements (trace elements):

A
  1. Silicon (Si)
  2. Chlorine (Cl)
  3. Magnesium (Mg)
  4. Potassium (K)
  5. Copper (Cu)
  6. Zinc (Zn)
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13
Q

percentage composition of carbon in living organisms:

A

18.5%

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14
Q

percentage composition of oxygen in living organisms:

A

65%

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15
Q

percentage composition of hydrogen in living organisms:

A

9.5%

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16
Q

percentage composition of nitrogen in living organisms:

A

3.3%

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17
Q

percentage composition of trace elements in living organisms:

A

0.01%

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18
Q

when can you say that an element is stable?

A

when the number of protons and electrons are the same

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19
Q

the number of protons is always equal to the ______

A

atomic number

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20
Q

what do you call an element that has unequal number of protons & electrons

A

ionized elements

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21
Q

variants of a particular chemical element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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22
Q

three (3) naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen:

A
  1. Protium
  2. Deuterium
  3. Tritium
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23
Q

number of neutrons in protium

A

0

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24
Q

number of neutrons in deuterium

A

1

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25
Q

number of neutrons in tritium

A

2

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26
Q

neutrons of carbon 12

A

6

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27
Q

neutrons of carbon 13

A

7

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28
Q

neutrons of carbon 14

A

8

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29
Q

seven (7) radioactive isotopes applied in medicine

A
  1. Cobalt-60
  2. Iodine-131
  3. Carbon-14
  4. Carbon-11
  5. Sodium-24
  6. Thallium-201
  7. Technetium-99
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30
Q

six (6) radioactive isotopes applied in research:

A
  1. Carbon-14
  2. Phosphorus-32
  3. Phosphorus-33
  4. Selenium-65
  5. Strontium-85
  6. hydrogen-3 (Tritium)
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31
Q

two (2) metabolic processes:

A
  1. Anabolism
  2. Catabolism
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32
Q

which metabolic process is endothermic?

A

Anabolism

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33
Q

which metabolic process is exothermic?

A

Catabolism

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34
Q

it is a kind of reaction that take in and use energy within the reaction

A

Endothermic

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35
Q

it is a kind of reaction wherein energy is released

A

Exothermic

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36
Q

metabolism process that absorbs energy;

build complex molecules from simpler ones

A

Anabolism

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37
Q

term used when referring to small mollecules

A

building blocks

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38
Q

term used when small molecules are bonded together

A

polymers

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39
Q

three (3) important polymers

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. proteins
  3. nucleic acids (DNA)
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40
Q

polymers built from sugars

A

carbohydrates

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41
Q

polymers built from amino acids

A

proteins

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42
Q

polymers built from nucleotides

A

nucleic acids (DNA)

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43
Q

three (3) functions involved in synthesis:

A
  1. repair
  2. growth
  3. reproduction
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44
Q

energy-releasing;

breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones

A

Catabolism

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45
Q

example of anabolic process:

A

synthesis

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46
Q

example of catabolic process

A

digestion

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47
Q

two (2) processes of digestion

A
  1. getting raw materials (for synthesis and growth)
  2. making energy / ATP (for synthesis, growth, and other functions)
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48
Q

______ produces ATP

A

glycolysis

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49
Q

three (3) elements in glucose:

A
  1. Hydrogen
  2. Carbon
  3. Oxygen
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50
Q

how many pyruvates are produced by glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvates

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51
Q

water means ____ because it has ____ composition

A
  1. life
  2. 75%
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52
Q

water participates in two (2) chemical reactions of sucrose:

A
  1. dehydration synthesis
  2. hydrolysis
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53
Q

combines atoms with the removal of elements

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

A

dehydration synthesis

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54
Q

breaks apart molecules with the addition of water

the reaction of an organic chemical with water to form two or more new substances

A

hydrolysis

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55
Q

an organic molecule that includes carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids

A

biomolecules

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56
Q

compounds of animal life

A

organic molelcules

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57
Q

four (4) organic molecules:

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. RNA / DNA
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58
Q

which organic molecules has the ff. functions:

  • provide energy through oxidation
  • supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components
  • serves as a form of stored energy
  • form part of structures of some cells and tissues
A

Carbohydrates

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59
Q

(characteristics of carbohydrates)

how may carbons are there?

A

3-7 carbons

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60
Q

(characteristics of carbohydrates)

name ends in ______

A

-ose

61
Q

(characteristics of carbohydrates)

monosaccharides and disaccharides _____ in water and are rapidly distributed

A

dissolve

62
Q

(characteristic of carbohydrates)

chains can be _____ or ______

A
  1. straight
  2. highly branched
63
Q

(characteristic of carbohydrates)

_______ in liver and muscle

A

Glycogen

64
Q

______ do not dissolve in water and are not “sweet”

A

Polysacharrides

65
Q

(characteristic of carbohydrates)

includes ______, ______, ______, and ______

A
  1. sugar
  2. starches
  3. glycogen
  4. cellulose
66
Q

(characteristic of carbohydrates)

_____ and ____ can have the same formula but different in shape

A
  1. glucose
  2. fructose
67
Q

(characteristic of carbohydrates)

monosaccharides are the ______

A

monomers

68
Q

(characteristic of carbohydrates)

________ are formed by dehydration synthesis

A

Polysaccharides

69
Q

(physical properties of monosaccharides)

have a _____ taste

A

sweet

70
Q

(physical properties of monosaccharides)

extremely _______ in water

A

soluble

71
Q

(physical properties of monosaccharides)

______ at room temperature

A

solid

72
Q

(physical properties of monosaccharides)

______ can dissolve in minute amounts of water to make a syrup

A

Glucose

73
Q

five (5) important monosaccharides:

A
  1. Ribose
  2. Deoxyribose
  3. Galactose
  4. Glucose
  5. Fructose
74
Q

this important monosaccharide forms the sugar backbone of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Ribose

75
Q

this important monosaccharide forms the sugar backbone of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Deoxyribose

76
Q

this important monosaccharide incorporated with glucose into lactose (milk sugar)

A

Galactose

77
Q

this important monosaccharide is also known as dextrose and blood sugar, present in honey and fruits

A

Glucose

78
Q

(definition of glucose)

glucose is _____ in the body for energy

A

metabolized

79
Q

(definition of glucose)

other sugars absorbed in the body must be converted to glucose by the ______

A

liver

80
Q

three (3) important disaccharides:

A
  1. Lactose
  2. Maltose
  3. Sucrose
81
Q

this important monosaccharide is also known as levulose and fruit sugar

A

Fructose

82
Q

it is the sweetest of the monosaccharides

A

Fructose

83
Q

this important disaccharide is also known as milk sugar

A

Lactose

84
Q

(definition of lactose)

this disaccharide constitutes ____ % of cow’s milk and _____% of human milk

A
  1. 5%
  2. 7%
85
Q

(definition of lactose)

lactose is digested by what enzyme?

A

lactase

86
Q

this important disaccharide is also known as malt sugar

A

Maltose

87
Q

(definition of maltose)

maltose is found in ______ such as barley

A

germinating grains

88
Q

what important disaccharide is formed during the hydrolysis of starch to glucose during digestion

A

Maltose

89
Q

(definition of maltose)

maltose is a ______ sugar because it has a _____ group

A
  1. reducing sugar
  2. hemiacetal group
90
Q

example of oligosaccharide

A

Raffinose

91
Q

______ is an oligosaccharide found in peas and beans;

largely undigested until reaching the intestinal flora in the large intestine, releasing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane

A

Raffinose

92
Q

oligosaccharides contains ______ monosaccharide units

A

3 to 10

93
Q

polysaccharide contains ______ or _____ of carbohydrate units

A

hundreds or thousands

94
Q

three (3) important polysaccharides:

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Cellulose
  3. Starch
95
Q

this important polysaccharide is a core protein of glycogenin and is surrounded by branches of glucose units

A

Glycogen

96
Q

which organic molecules has the ff. functions:

  • growth and maintenance
  • causes biochemical reactions
  • act as messenger
  • provides structure
  • immunity / defense
  • transport of nutrients
A

Proteins

97
Q

(characteristics of proteins)

supply ____ and build some cell structures

A

energy

98
Q

(characteristics of proteins)

contain the four most abundant elements namely:

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Oxygen
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
99
Q

(characteristics of proteins)

protein is made up of _____

A

amino acids

100
Q

(characteristics of proteins)

three (3) amino acids present in proteins

A
  1. Amino Group -NH2
  2. Carboxyl (acid) group -COOH
  3. Side chain or R group
101
Q

four (4) structural formulas of various amino acids:

A
  1. Primary structure
  2. Secondary structure
  3. Tertiary structure
  4. Quaternary structure
102
Q

a protein’s structure determines its ____

A

function

103
Q

if protein loses its structure, it is_____, and no longer functions

A

denatured

104
Q

event in primary structure:

A

polypeptide strand

105
Q

event in secondary structure

A

alpha helix and pleated sheets (with 3 polypeptide strands)

106
Q

event in tertiary structure

A

folded alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

107
Q

event in quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptides in their folded states

108
Q

this structure of the protein is due to hydrogen bonds that form between the oxygen atom of one amino acid and the nitrogen atom of another

A

secondary structure

109
Q

in this structure, the long chain of amino acids becomes folded into a three-dimensional functional shape;

this is when certain amino acids with sulfhydryl or SH groups form disulfide (S-S) bonds with other amino acids in the same chain

A

Tertiary structure

110
Q

this structure is due to several polypeptides joining together, as in the case of antibody molecules

A

Quaternary structure

111
Q

which organic biomolecule has the ff. functions:

  • concentrated chemical energy
  • energy storehouses (triglycerides)
  • structural component of cell membranes
  • act as signaling molecules
A

Lipids

112
Q

(characteristics of lipids)

contains the most abundant elements except one which is _____

A

Nitrogen

113
Q

(characteristics of lipids)

ratio of Carbon and Hydrogen

A

1:2

114
Q

(characteristics of lipids)

lipids tend to be _____

A

hydrophobic (nonpolar)

115
Q

(characteristics of lipids)

lipids tend to be ____ in water (blood)

A

insoluble

116
Q

(characteristics of lipids)

lipids can be ____ or _____

A

simple or compound

117
Q

_____ is a small organic molecule with three hydroxyl (OH) groups

A

Glycerol

118
Q

_____ consists of a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group

A

Fatty acid

119
Q

two (2) simple lipids:

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Waxes
120
Q

three (3) compound lipids:

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Sphingolipids
  3. Glycolipids
121
Q

it is partially hydrogenated;

it prolongs shelf life;

it enhances the flavor

A

Transfat

122
Q

two (2) kinds of fatty molecules

A
  1. Saturated Fatty Acid
  2. Unsaturated Fatty Acid
123
Q

two (2) kinds of fatty molecules

A
  1. Saturated Fatty Acid
  2. Unsaturated Fatty Acid
124
Q

Saturated fatty acid is ____ at room temp

A

Solid

125
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid is _____ at room temp

A

Liquid

126
Q

this fatty acid is also known as animal fats

A

saturated fatty acids

127
Q

two (2) kinds of unsaturated fatty acids

A
  1. Monounsaturated fatty acids (plant-based)
  2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
128
Q

difference in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids:

A

double bonded carbons in unsaturated fatty acids

129
Q

three (3) fats types

A
  1. Good
  2. Bad
  3. Worst
130
Q

two (2) types of good fat types

A
  1. Monounsaturated fatty acids
  2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
131
Q

type of bad fats

A

saturated fats

132
Q

type of worst fat

A

transfat

133
Q

steroids are ____

A

lipids

134
Q

(characteristics of nucleic acids)

this organic molecule is composed of elements ____, ____, ____, ____ and _____

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Oxygen
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
  5. Phosphorus
135
Q

two (2) main classes of nucleic acids

A
  1. Ribonucleic acids (RNA)
  2. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
136
Q

monomers are called _____

A

nucleotides

137
Q

five (5) nitrogenous bases

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Thymine
  5. Uracil
138
Q

two (2) nitrogenous bases that make up the nucleic acids

A
  1. Purines
  2. Pyrimidines
139
Q

to which nitrogenous bases are adenine and guanine included?

A

Purines

140
Q

three (3) examples of pyrimidines

A
  1. Cytosine
  2. Thymine
  3. Uracil
141
Q

nitrogenous base only in DNA

A

Thymine

142
Q

nitrogenous base only in RNA

A

Uracil

143
Q

DNA uses four nitrogenous bases namely:

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Cytosine
  3. Guanine
  4. Thymine
144
Q

RNA uses four nitrogenous bases namely:

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Cytosine
  3. Guanine
  4. Uracil
145
Q

double stranded

A

DNA

146
Q

single stranded

A

RNA

147
Q

Adenine + Ribose = ?

A

Adenosine

148
Q

how many phosphates are there in ATP?

A

3

149
Q

four (4) examples of differentiated animal cells

A
  1. Red Blood cells
  2. Epithelial cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Nerve cell

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