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ZOO 201 > The Cellular Basis of Life > Flashcards

The Cellular Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

starting point of cell biology

A

1830s

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2
Q

five (5) important contributors to the cell theory:

A
  1. Robert Hooke
  2. Robert Brown
  3. Matthias Schleiden
  4. Theodor Schwann
  5. Rudolf Virchow
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3
Q

he discovered the cell in his initial observation of plant cell walls in 1665

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

he discovered the nucleus

A

Robert Browne

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5
Q

colleagues that provided the first clearly stated definition of the cell in 1830s

A

Mattias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

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6
Q

he observed plant cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

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7
Q

he observed animal cells

A

Theodor Schwann

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8
Q

all living creatures, both ____ and ____, are made out of 1 or more ____

A
  1. simple
  2. complex
  3. cells
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9
Q

it is the structural and functional unit of life

A

cell

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10
Q

what statement completed the cell theory

A

“all cells came from pre-existing cells”

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11
Q

contribution of Rudolf Virchow

A

the statement that completes the cell theory - “all cells came from preexisting cells”

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12
Q

six (6) tenets of the modern cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are made up of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  4. Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell.
  5. All cells have the basic chemical composition.
  6. Energy flows occur within cells.
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13
Q

cell acts as the _____ between living and non-living organisms

A

border

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14
Q

increasing complexity of living organisms

A
  1. cells
  2. tissues
  3. organs
  4. organ systems
  5. animals
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15
Q

decreasing complexity of non-living organisms

A
  1. cells
  2. organelles
  3. membranes
  4. macromolecules
  5. simple molecules
  6. atoms
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16
Q

two (2) broad categories

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Eukaryotic
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17
Q

single-celled organisms of the two domains (bacteria and archaea)

A

Prokaryotic cells

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18
Q

multicellular organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

A

Eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

four (4) common parts present at both categories

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. genetic material (DNA)
  4. ribosomes that make protein
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20
Q

part of prokaryotic cells where the genetic material is found

A

Nucleoid

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21
Q

what is Endosymbiotic theory by Lynn Margulis

A

it is a theory that suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells and occurs when a prokaryotic cell engulfs another prokaryotic cell by endocytosis which results to eukaryotic cells

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22
Q

two (2) processes of endosymbiosis

A
  1. Primary Endosymbiosis
  2. Secondary Endosymbiosis
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23
Q

this process of symbiosis involves the uptake of a cyanobacterium by a non-photosynthetic eukaryote

A

Primary Endosymbiosis

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24
Q

this process of endosymbiosis occurs when a primary plastid alga is ingested by a photosynthetic eukaryote

A

Secondary Endosymbiosis

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25
Q

(why are cells small?)

small cells have a high ______ to ______ which allows more stuff to move in and out of the cell

A

surface area to volume ratio

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26
Q

(why are cells small?)

if a cell goes beyond a certain limit, _____ material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate increased volume

A

not enough

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27
Q

four (4) tools used for studying cells

U
C
S/D
E

A
  1. Ultracentrifuge
  2. Compound Light Microscope
  3. Stereo / Dissecting Microscope
  4. Electron Microscope
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28
Q

ultracentrifuge separates things by _____

A

density

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29
Q

this tool is commonly used to separate cell organelles / blood components

A

Ultracentrifuge

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30
Q

two (2) important properties of a compound light microscope

A
  1. Resolving power
  2. Magnification (about 100-1000x)
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31
Q

general functions of cells

P
P
F
A
A

A
  1. provides structure and support
  2. produce energy
  3. facilitate growth through mitosis
  4. aids in reproduction
  5. allow passive and active transport
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32
Q

three (3) parts of an animal cell

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cytoplasm
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33
Q

also called the cell membrane;

found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from outside environment;

A

plasma membrane

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34
Q

purpose of plasma membrane

A

to impede foreign material from entering the cell and prevent the cellular contents from leaking out

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35
Q

two (2) components of membranes

A
  1. lipids
  2. proteins
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36
Q

carbohydrates associated with lipids

A

glycolipids

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37
Q

carbohydrates associated with proteins

A

glycoproteins

38
Q

three (3) ways proteins can be associated with the plasma membrane

A
  1. Intrinsic / Integral
  2. Transmembrane
  3. Peripheral / Extrinsic
39
Q

(functions of plasma membrane)

serve as a _____ or border

A

cellular barrier

40
Q

(functions of plasma membrane)

plasma membrane _____ cell

A

defines

41
Q

(functions of plasma membrane)

plays an important role for _____ and also for _____

A
  1. transport
  2. recognition
42
Q

cellular membranes are _____ of lipids and protein

A

fluid mosaics

43
Q

most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids

44
Q

phospholipids are _____ molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A

ampiphatic

45
Q

this model states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

46
Q

who proposed that cell membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water

A

singer & nicolson (1972)

47
Q

what technique supported singer & nicolson’s theory?

A

Freeze-Fracture Theory

48
Q

seven types of movement

S
F
O
F
A
E
E

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Osmosis
  4. Filtration
  5. Active transport
  6. Endocytosis
  7. Exocytosis
49
Q

membrane-bound organelle that contains the genetic material:

serves to maintain the integrity of the cell by facilitating transcription and replication processes;

largest organelle in the cell

A

Nucleus

50
Q

double-membrane that surrounds the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

51
Q

nuclear membrane contains the _______

A

nuclear pore

52
Q

this is used for importing proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNA’s and proteins from the nucleus

A

Nuclear Pore (NPC)

53
Q

everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear compartment

A

Cytoplasm

54
Q

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

55
Q

network of protein fibers extending throughout the fluid cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

56
Q

supports and give structure for the cell;

very dynamic and undergo remodeling

A

cytoplasm

57
Q

cytoplasm is usually ____ in color

A

colorless

58
Q

organelles

A
  1. mitochondria
59
Q

powerhouse of the cell as it is the site of respiration

A

mitochondria

60
Q

compartments of mitochondria:

I
O
M
I

A
  1. Inner membrane
  2. Outer membrane
  3. Matrix
  4. Intermembrane space
61
Q

includes the respiratory chain and ATP synthase

A

inner membrane

62
Q

invaginations

A

cristae

63
Q

permeable to larger molecules

A

Outer membrane

64
Q

contains enzymes, mitochondria DNA

A

Matrix

65
Q

space between the inner and outer membranes of the cell

A

Intermembrane cells

66
Q

two (2) mitochondrial envelopes:

A
  1. Inner membranes
  2. Outer membranes
67
Q

protein synthesis happens in the ________

A

matrix

68
Q

mitochondria is inherited from the _____, while nuclear DNA is inherited from ________

A
  1. mother
  2. both parents
69
Q

mitochondria is derived from the ______ of the egg cell during fertilization

A

cytoplasm

70
Q

four (4) endomembrane systems

E
G
V
L

A
  1. Endoplasmic reticulum
  2. Golgi Apparatus
  3. Vesicles
  4. Lysosomes
71
Q

system of tubes and chambers formed by membranes involved in synthesis, modification, processing & packaging of cellular lipids and proteins

A

Endomembrane systems

72
Q

3 kinds of cytoskeleton

M
M
IF

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Microfilaments
  3. Intermediate Filaments
73
Q

three functions of cytoskeleton

S
M
R

A
  1. support
  2. motility
  3. regulation
74
Q

protein subunits of microtubules

A

tubulin

75
Q

protein subunits of microfilaments

A

actin

76
Q

protein subunits of intermediate filaments

A

keratin

77
Q

centrosome and centrioles are only located in ____ cells

A

animal cells

78
Q

a microtubule organizing center

A

centrosome

79
Q

each centrosome consists of how many centrioles?

A

2 centrioles

80
Q

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

A

tissues

81
Q

four (4) types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissues
  2. Connective Tissues
  3. Muscle tissues
  4. Nervous tissues
82
Q

lines body cavities

A

epithelial tissues

83
Q

five (5) classifications of epithelial tissues:

A
  1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
  2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
  3. Simple Columnar Epithelium
  4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
  5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
84
Q

2 classifications of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Special Type of Connective Tissue
85
Q

2 categories of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Dense connective tissue
86
Q

types of loose connective tissue:

A
  1. areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular
87
Q

types of dense connective tissue:

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Elastic
88
Q

types of special connective tissue

A
  1. cartilage
  2. osseous bone
  3. blood
89
Q

concerned with contraction and movement

A

muscle tissues

90
Q

categories of muscle tissues

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
91
Q

functions: transmission of signals

A

nervous tissue

92
Q

cells of nervous tissue

A

neurons

ZOO 201 (16 decks)

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