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ZOO 201 > Cell Inheritance > Flashcards

Cell Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

life cycle in a diploid organism

A
  • fertilization
  • zygote
  • embryo
  • individual
  • meiosis
  • gametes
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2
Q

life cycle in the germ line

A
  • cell cycle with mitosis
  • cell cycle with meiosis
  • cell cycle with cell fusion
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3
Q
  • one chromosome only
  • one copy of each gene
  • chromosome is “naked”
A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

proteins associated with DNA

A

histones

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5
Q

location of DNA material in prokaryotes

A

nucleoid

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6
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes are _____ during interphase while _____ during mitosis

A
  • coiled
  • supercoiled1\
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7
Q

chromosome that determine sex

A

sex chromosomes

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8
Q

chromosome that do not determine sex

A

autosomes

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9
Q

23rd pair or the 45th and 46th chromosome determine ______

A

gender

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10
Q

the other 44 chromosomes that carry non-sex-related genes only

A

autosomes

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11
Q

large chromosome with a centromere in the middle

A

X chromosome

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12
Q

small chromosome with a centromere near the top

A

Y chromosome

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13
Q

fundamental process

A

cell division

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14
Q

why is cell division necessary?

A
  • all cells came from pre-existing cells
  • to replace worn out cells
  • for growth
  • for production of differentiated cells
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15
Q

functional components of testis

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • interstitial components
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16
Q

prokaryotes divide by

A

fusion

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17
Q

eukaryotes divide through different ____

A

stages

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18
Q

where oogenesis occurs

A

ovary

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19
Q

results in genetically identical eukaryotic cells

A

mitosis

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20
Q

results in genetically different cells

A

meiosis

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21
Q

basis for asexual reproduction

A

mitosis

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22
Q

basis for sexual reproduction

A

meiosis and fertilization

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23
Q

period of preparation

A

interphase

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24
Q

why is interphase not a resting place

A

growth and DNA synthesis occurs in this phase

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25
Q

cell cycle is controlled and _____

A

well-replicated

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26
Q

cell growth and normal functions

A

Gap 1

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27
Q

copies DNA

A

Gap 2

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28
Q

includes division of the cell nucleus and division of cell cytoplasm

A

mitosis

29
Q

refers to the division of cell nucleus

A

mitosis

30
Q

refers to the division of cell cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

31
Q

chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form

A

prophase

32
Q
  • chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell
  • spindle fibers connect the centromere of each sister chromatid to the poles of the cell
A

mitosis

33
Q
  • separated sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell and become individual chromosomes
A

anaphase

34
Q

cell division that produced two identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

35
Q

haploid daughter cells

A

meiosis

36
Q

diploid daughter cells

A

mitosis

37
Q

meiosis occurs in the _____ since this cell division is for the creation of gametes or sex cells

A

gonads

38
Q

where spermatogenesis occurs

A

testis

39
Q

reductional division

A

meiosis 1

40
Q

interphase 1 is similar to _____, and nucleus and nucleolus are visible

A

interphase in mitosis

41
Q

longest in metaphase I:

  • pairing of homologous chromosomes
  • synapsis
  • crossing over
A

prophase 1

42
Q

site of crossing over

A

chiasmata

43
Q

shortest phase in metaphase I:

leads to variation

A

metaphase 1

44
Q

similar to mitosis

A

meiosis II

45
Q

characteristics of the genetic material (S-R-T-M)

A
  • stable
  • replicable
  • translatable
  • mutable
46
Q

expression of genetic code

A
  • DNA replication
  • transcription
  • messenger RNA
  • ribosome
  • translation
  • protein
47
Q

inheritance pattern in animals

A
  • medelian genetics
  • non-mendelian genetics
48
Q
  • segregation
  • complete dominance
  • independent assortment
A

mendelian genetics

49
Q
  • incomplete dominance
  • co-dominance
A

non-mendelian genetics

50
Q

heritable units that are passed on from parents to offspring

A

genes

51
Q

alternative forms of the same gene found in chromosomes

A

alleles

52
Q

dominant =

A

fully expressed

53
Q

no noticeable effect in the presence of the dominant allele

A

recessive

54
Q

3 genotype

A
  • homozygous dominant
  • heterozygous dominant
  • homozygous recessive
55
Q

site where an allele is found

A

locus

56
Q

father of genetics

A

gregor mendell

57
Q

parental generation in a breeding experiment

A

parental (P1) generation

58
Q

first generation of offspring

A

F1 generation

59
Q

second generation of offspring

A

F2 generation

60
Q

visual representation of Mendelian inheritance

A

punnet square

61
Q

how to make a punnet square

A
  • make a grid
  • fill in the grid
  • fill in the offspring
62
Q

how many box are needed if either parent is homozygous [shortcut]

A

1

63
Q

mendel’s principles

A
  • principle of dominance
  • principle of segregation
  • independent assortment
64
Q

states that one allele was dominant over the other

A

principle of dominance

65
Q

states that pairs of hereditary factors become separated when gametes are formed

A

principle of segregation

66
Q

states that members of one gene pair segregate independently from the other gene pairs during gamete formation

A

independent assortment

67
Q

states that “both alleles exert an effect and jointly produce an intermediate phenotype”

A

incomplete dominance

68
Q

“when both alleles show dominance, alleles of a gene pair in a herterozygote are expressed to an equal degree within an organism

A

co-dominance

69
Q

more than 2 alleles

A

multiple alleles

ZOO 201 (16 decks)

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