Integumentary System Flashcards
serves as the animals’ first line of defense (also for offense)
integument
integument could be:
- thin
- thick
integument of protozoans
- pellicle
- cell membrane
thick protein coat
pellicle
integument of porifera
- pinacocytes
flat T cells on the skin of sponges
pinacocytes
pinacocytes are lined with ______
choanocytes
integument of cnidaria
- cnidocytes
- nerve cells
- interstitial cells
stinging cells with nematocysts
cnidocytes
trigger motor responses
nerve cells
unspecialized cells that are not active by default, but serve as replacements for dead cells
interstitial cells
integument of platyhelminthes
- single layer of ciliated cells (free-living form)
- syncytial layer that lacks cilia (parasitic form)
integument of nematoda
- cuticle
- epidermis / hypodermis
- muscle layer
epidermis . hypoderms of nematoda
- syncytial
muscle layer of nematoda
longitudinal muscles
integument of annelida
- cuticle
- epidermis
- muscle layers
cuticle of annelida
not molted
epidermis of annelida
setae / chaetae
muscle layers of annelida
- longitudinal
- circular
integument of of arthropoda
- exoskeleton / cuticle
the exoskeleton / cuticle of arthropoda are composed of
protein and chitin
integument of mollusca
- epidermis
- gland cells
- shells of calcium
- chromatophores
gland cells secretes ______
mucus
integument of echinodermata
- dermis
- “spiny skinned”
- thin skin covers endoskeleton
integument of echinodermata
- dermis
- “spiny skinned”
- thin skin covers endoskeleton
thin skin that covers endoskeleton
- tiny calcified plates and spines
- ossicles
ossicles refers to _____
skeletal plate
between the body and its external environment, and its structure is well adapted for local functional requirements
skin
biological activities of amphibian skin peptides
- anti-predation
- mating
- anti-microbic
- anti-parasitism
- neuronedocrine regulation
- analgesia
- wound-healing
- antioxidant
- immunoregulation
anuran amphibians
- Surinam horned frog
- American common toad
- Lake titicaca frog
- Hairy frog
- Diploid, tropical clawed frog
- Tetraploid, South African clawed toad
has numerous hyperkeratotic regions manifested as denticles, head horns, and ‘claws’ (arrows)
Surinam horned frog (Ceratophrys cornuta)
found world-wide in non-polar regions except Australia
American Common toad (Bufo anericana)
has dubious distinction of being a voracious, invasive pest whose skin secretion are lethal to many potential predators
Cane toad (B. marinus)
its ‘typically frog-like’ skin is thrown into folds (arrows) that act as accessory respiratory devices
Lake Titicaca Frog (Telmatobious culeus)
has so-called ‘hairs’ on the lateral body and femoral regions that also act as accessory respiratory devices
Hairy Frog (Trichobatrachus robustus)
layers of the epidermis (human skin)
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
most superficial layer of the epidermis
stratum coneum
only in thick skin
stratum lucidum
deepest layer of the epidermis
stratum basale
(layers of epidermis wherein)
cells are dead; represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space
stratum corneum
(layers of epidermis wherein)
cells are flattened; organelles detoriating; cytoplasm full of lamellated granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules
stratum granulosum
(layers of epidermis wherein)
cells contain thick undles of intermediate ilaments made of pre-keratin
stratum spinosum
(layers of epidermis wherein)
cells are actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cell become part of the more superficial layers
stratum basale
skin correlates of the epidermis
- callous
- blisters
- sin infections/disorders
- skin cancer
due to constant rubbing of skin - cell division is stimulated
callous
rubbing the skin too hard makes stratum basale to tear away from the basement membrane, and causes a gap which fills the fluid
blisters
dermis: papillary layer contains ______ connective tissue
loose
the papillary layer in the dermis is what forms our ______
fingerprints
dermis: reticular layer contains _____ CT, ____, _____
- dense irregular
- collagen
- elastin
strongest layer of the dermis
reticular layer
stretch marks are caused from _____ in the _____ of the dermis
- tiny tears
- collagen
dermis contains _____, _____, _____
- skin glands
- blood vessels
- nervous structures
dermis contains _____, _____, _____
- skin glands
- blood vessels
- nervous structures
for light touch
Meissner’s Corpuscle
for vibration and pressure
Pacinian Corpuscle
clinical correlates of the dermis
- stretch marks
- scar
- wrinkles
skin is cut in / against the line of cleavage
scar
skin begins to sag (due to age) because the body makes less collagen, and some is lost from sun exposure
wrinkles
fat layer
hypodermis
hypodermis contains _____, _____, _____
- fibrous tissue
- blood vessels
- nerves
hypodermis has two variations:
- shins: thin
- buttocks: thick
2 functions of hypodermis
- stores fat
- cushions and insulation from cold because of heat produced by the larger blood vessels in this layers
clincal correlates of hypodermis
- fat belly
- burns (up to 3rd degree)
surgical procedure of removing fats in the region
lipouction
minor burn to the epidermis; sunburn
1st degree burn
dermis separates from epidermis; blister
2nd degree
dermis separates from epidermis; blister
2nd degree
hypodermis is burned
3rd degree
most sever type of burn
3rd degree
glands could be:
- sebaceous
- sweat
small glands in the skin that secretes sebum into hair follicles
sebaceous
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glands
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glandsfounlll,,,
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glandsfounlll,,,
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glandsfounlll,,,
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glandsfounlll,,,
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glandsfounlll,,,
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glandsfounlll,,,
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glandsfounlll,,,
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glandsfounlll,,,
small glands in the skin that secrete sweat
sweat glands
sebaceous glands are found all throughout the body except for _____
palms and soles
sweat glands are found in the ____, _____, _____, ____, and ______
- ear
- eyelids
- armpits
- areola
- external genitalia
2 types of sweat glands
- apocrine sweat glands
- eccrine sweat glands
2 types of sweat glands
- apocrine sweat glands
- eccrine sweat glands
2 types of sweat glands
- apocrine sweat glands
- eccrine sweat glands
2 types of sweat glands
- apocrine sweat glands
- eccrine sweat glands
secrete oily or waxy substances
sebaceous glands
sevrete viscous and odorous substance
sweat glands
sebaceous glands’ secretion is composed of
-lactic acid
- amino acid
glucose
- traces of urea
- sodium chloride
- water
sweat glands’ secretion is composed of
- fatty acids
- hydrocarbons
main function of sebaceous glands
- lubrication
main function of sweat glands
- controlling the temperature
- excretion
produced keratin (waterproof and strong)
keratinocyte
used as sensory receptors for the sense of light touch
merkel cells
ingest debris
macrophages
produce melanin
malanocytes
dark brown pigment;
the only color pigment we can produce
melanin
this layer of epidermis contains actively dividing cells
stratum basale
cells are made in the stratum basale, the ____ cells get pushed up and become the next layer in the _____
- older cells
- stratum spinosum
the cells in the s. spinosum are attached to each other by _____
desmosomes
unlike s. basale, s. spinosum are not ____-
dividing
white blood cells that function in the immune response; made in the red bone marrow
langerhan’s cells
the s. spinosum provides _____ to the epidermis
strength
as more new cells are made in the s. basale, the . spinosum layer is ___ to become the s. granulosum
pushed up
why do the cells in s. granulosum begin to die?
because they are now too far from nutriet source
cells in s. granulosum have ____ appearance
grainy
in ____ layer, the dead cells fill up with keratin
s. corneum
- the cells lose their nucleus
- fuse to squamous sheets, which are shed from the surface in about 2 weeks
desquamation
how many days does it take for a cell to mve from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum
15-30 days
this layer is only on the palms and soles
stratum lucidum
the s. lucidum is deep to the ____ and superficial to the _____
- s. corneum
- s. granulosum
s. lucidum is a ____ layer that provides potection from ____
- thin
- UV radiation