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Biology 1 > The Cell A > Flashcards

The Cell A Flashcards

1
Q

The cell is the ______
They are related by _____
Different structures for _________

A

simplest collection of matter that can be alive
their decendants
plants and animals

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2
Q

The cell theory states three things

A

The cell is the Basic unit of life
All living things have cells
New cells arise from pre-existing cells

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3
Q

The cell size is explained by

A

To maintain the surface area to volume ratio
To allow transfers across the cell to be faster
faster for nutrients in and waste out

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4
Q

Two types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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5
Q

Prokaryotic Cells (5)

A 
First evolved
Lack nucleus 
Bacteria and Archae 
Less efficient 
Smaller
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6
Q

Eukaryotic Cells (5)

A

Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Membranes allow proteins to be stored as different enzymes
More diverse and can do more
Bigger to maintain ratio with all the different membranes

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7
Q

List the four things that are common in all cells

A

DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane

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8
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. proteins
  3. carbs
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9
Q

Describe the phospholipid bilayer (3)

A

Double layer where the nonpolar hydrophobic remains inside facing inwards, and the hydrophilic polar layer facing out residing in the water.

It is very stable

Amphipathic molecule- half of the molecule is hydrophilic and half is hydrophobic!

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10
Q

the plasma membrane is ____ _____

A

selectively permeable

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11
Q

the plasma membrane is the boundary that separates _____

A

the living cell from outside surroundings

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12
Q

NP hydrophobic molecules (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

A

CAN- because the middle portion of the phosphobilayer is hydrophobic!

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13
Q

ions (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

A

CANNOT- fully charged and too big

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14
Q

large polar molecules (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

A

CANNOT- polar

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15
Q

small polar molecules such as water (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

A

CAN- but will be slower

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16
Q

macromolecules (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane

A

CANNOT- size too big

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17
Q

The Fluid Mosaic Model states that the plasma membrane

A

is composed of various and different proteins embedded within the membrane, that can travel through other proteins as well

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18
Q

Explain how fluidity of the plasma membrane effects the components that travel through it

A

at room temp- molecules pass through more easily b/c liquid

cooler temps- slower migration

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19
Q

If the PM is more rich is saturated fatty acids:

A

It will form into a solid more readily at cooler temps, more structured and organized

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20
Q

If the PM is more rich in unsaturated fatty acids:

A

It will be harder to solidify, structure is bent and missing a hydrogen

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21
Q

Fluid consistency is another prime example of

A

homeostasis

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22
Q

The _______ and ______ of proteins will affect its function

A

position and amount

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23
Q

______ can be used to change fluidity of the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterols

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24
Q

Peripheral proteins-

A

Bound to the surface of the membrane

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25
Q

Integral proteins-

A

penetrate hydrophobic core

26
Q

transmembrane proteins-

A

integral proteins that travel from one side of the PM to the other

27
Q

alpha helices-

A

nonpolar amino acids that makeup up the nonpolar hydrophobic region of the integral proteins

28
Q

what do alpha helices have

A

a bilayer

29
Q

name five functions of transmembrane proteins

A
  1. transport
  2. enzymes
  3. fight/flight
  4. cell singler
  5. cells connect to make tissues
30
Q

tonicity definition

A

osmotic characteristics of two solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane

31
Q

name the three tonicity characteristics/ conditions of cell behavior

A
  1. isotonic
  2. hypotonic
  3. hypertonic
32
Q

isotonic cell behavior

A

same concentrations
equal amounts of solute inside and outside the cell
no overall change in size or behavior in cell

33
Q

hypotonic cell behavior

A 
atticus 
less solute inside the cell than outside
water will move from outside to inside b/c higher to lower concentration 
causes cell to burst 
too much water for the cell
34
Q

hypertonic cell behavior

A

theo
more water inside cell so it leaves to go to outside
causes shriveling

35
Q

facilitated transport

A

does not require energy

molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration via a protein

36
Q

active transport

A

requires energy
going against the grain
going from lower concentration to higher

37
Q

active transport uses energy in the form of

A

ATP

38
Q

Which is more beneficial financially, antiporter or symporter

A

anitporter

39
Q

describe an antiporter

A

pumps sodium and potassium at the same time in OPPOSITE directions by using a transport protein

40
Q

describe a symporter

A

carrying two different things in the SAME direction using a transport protein

41
Q

endocytosis

A

movement of things into the cell

42
Q

give to examples of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis- traps bacteria cell to isolate from the rest of the body
responding to an environmental que- hormones examples

43
Q

exocytosis

A

movement of things outside the cell

44
Q

what is the cytoplasm made up of

A

gel-like substance mostly water in the cell

45
Q

function of the cytoplasm

A

protect and supports the cell

46
Q

when thinking of the cytoplasm, use the analogy of the

A

water vs. air balloon

47
Q

DNA in eukaryotic cells

A

found in the nucleus

48
Q

DNA in prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus so bound by supplemental proteins

49
Q

ribosomes function

A

allow information to be transferred from nucleic acids to proteins

50
Q

ribosomes are _______

A

protein factories

51
Q

ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two places:

A
  1. cytosol ( free ribosomes)

2. Outside the ER and nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

52
Q

carbs within the plasma membrane can signal

A

good cells/ which cells not to or to kill

53
Q

membrane carbs can covalently bond to proteins to form

A

glycoproteins

54
Q

blood types are dependent on

A

carbohydrate signaling

55
Q

the main function of plasma membrane carbohydrates is

A

cell recognition and signaling!

56
Q

The ______ and ______ control the orientation and distribution of proteins

A

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

Why does the plasma membrane have to exchange with its surroundings

A

to control waste

movement in and out

58
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration (perfume)

59
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules

60
Q

facilitated transport

A

requires no energy

diffusion of molecules from high concentration to low concentration via a protein

61
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

molecules movement against the gradient, from low to high concentration

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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