The Cell A Flashcards
The cell is the ______
They are related by _____
Different structures for _________
simplest collection of matter that can be alive
their decendants
plants and animals
The cell theory states three things
The cell is the Basic unit of life
All living things have cells
New cells arise from pre-existing cells
The cell size is explained by
To maintain the surface area to volume ratio
To allow transfers across the cell to be faster
faster for nutrients in and waste out
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells (5)
First evolved Lack nucleus Bacteria and Archae Less efficient Smaller
Eukaryotic Cells (5)
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Membranes allow proteins to be stored as different enzymes
More diverse and can do more
Bigger to maintain ratio with all the different membranes
List the four things that are common in all cells
DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
What is the plasma membrane made up of
- phospholipids
- proteins
- carbs
Describe the phospholipid bilayer (3)
Double layer where the nonpolar hydrophobic remains inside facing inwards, and the hydrophilic polar layer facing out residing in the water.
It is very stable
Amphipathic molecule- half of the molecule is hydrophilic and half is hydrophobic!
the plasma membrane is ____ _____
selectively permeable
the plasma membrane is the boundary that separates _____
the living cell from outside surroundings
NP hydrophobic molecules (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane
CAN- because the middle portion of the phosphobilayer is hydrophobic!
ions (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane
CANNOT- fully charged and too big
large polar molecules (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane
CANNOT- polar
small polar molecules such as water (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane
CAN- but will be slower
macromolecules (can/ cannot) pass through the plasma membrane
CANNOT- size too big
The Fluid Mosaic Model states that the plasma membrane
is composed of various and different proteins embedded within the membrane, that can travel through other proteins as well
Explain how fluidity of the plasma membrane effects the components that travel through it
at room temp- molecules pass through more easily b/c liquid
cooler temps- slower migration
If the PM is more rich is saturated fatty acids:
It will form into a solid more readily at cooler temps, more structured and organized
If the PM is more rich in unsaturated fatty acids:
It will be harder to solidify, structure is bent and missing a hydrogen
Fluid consistency is another prime example of
homeostasis
The _______ and ______ of proteins will affect its function
position and amount
______ can be used to change fluidity of the plasma membrane
Cholesterols
Peripheral proteins-
Bound to the surface of the membrane
Integral proteins-
penetrate hydrophobic core
transmembrane proteins-
integral proteins that travel from one side of the PM to the other
alpha helices-
nonpolar amino acids that makeup up the nonpolar hydrophobic region of the integral proteins
what do alpha helices have
a bilayer
name five functions of transmembrane proteins
- transport
- enzymes
- fight/flight
- cell singler
- cells connect to make tissues
tonicity definition
osmotic characteristics of two solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane
name the three tonicity characteristics/ conditions of cell behavior
- isotonic
- hypotonic
- hypertonic
isotonic cell behavior
same concentrations
equal amounts of solute inside and outside the cell
no overall change in size or behavior in cell
hypotonic cell behavior
atticus less solute inside the cell than outside water will move from outside to inside b/c higher to lower concentration causes cell to burst too much water for the cell
hypertonic cell behavior
theo
more water inside cell so it leaves to go to outside
causes shriveling
facilitated transport
does not require energy
molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration via a protein
active transport
requires energy
going against the grain
going from lower concentration to higher
active transport uses energy in the form of
ATP
Which is more beneficial financially, antiporter or symporter
anitporter
describe an antiporter
pumps sodium and potassium at the same time in OPPOSITE directions by using a transport protein
describe a symporter
carrying two different things in the SAME direction using a transport protein
endocytosis
movement of things into the cell
give to examples of endocytosis
phagocytosis- traps bacteria cell to isolate from the rest of the body
responding to an environmental que- hormones examples
exocytosis
movement of things outside the cell
what is the cytoplasm made up of
gel-like substance mostly water in the cell
function of the cytoplasm
protect and supports the cell
when thinking of the cytoplasm, use the analogy of the
water vs. air balloon
DNA in eukaryotic cells
found in the nucleus
DNA in prokaryotic cells
no nucleus so bound by supplemental proteins
ribosomes function
allow information to be transferred from nucleic acids to proteins
ribosomes are _______
protein factories
ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two places:
- cytosol ( free ribosomes)
2. Outside the ER and nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
carbs within the plasma membrane can signal
good cells/ which cells not to or to kill
membrane carbs can covalently bond to proteins to form
glycoproteins
blood types are dependent on
carbohydrate signaling
the main function of plasma membrane carbohydrates is
cell recognition and signaling!
The ______ and ______ control the orientation and distribution of proteins
golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
Why does the plasma membrane have to exchange with its surroundings
to control waste
movement in and out
diffusion
movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration (perfume)
osmosis
diffusion of water molecules
facilitated transport
requires no energy
diffusion of molecules from high concentration to low concentration via a protein
active transport
requires energy
molecules movement against the gradient, from low to high concentration
