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Biology 1 > animal physiology: responding to stimuli > Flashcards

animal physiology: responding to stimuli Flashcards

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1
Q

Responding usually takes three steps:

A

Senses to detect
Interpret analyze and decide what to do
systems that can cause change

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2
Q

All of life strives for

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

What are some factors that can affect homeostasis

A

pH, temperature, O2 and CO2 levels, glucose

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4
Q

What are some systems that can contribute to homeostasis

A
  1. respiratory and cardio- levels of CO2 and O2
  2. renal- kidneys and bladder, controls water amounts
  3. gastrointestinal- blood sugar
  4. nervous and endocrine- controls all three, main controller of homeostasis
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5
Q

Negative feedback

A

most common, corrects the original stimulus

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6
Q

Name the pathways of negative feedback and the process

A

variable –> sensor –> comparer –> reference input (good match) or controller (bad match)

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7
Q

If they signal is sent to the controller and is a bad match it is sent back to the

A

original variable

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8
Q

negative feedback restores homeostasis in the

A

opposite direction

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9
Q

Positive feedback

A

less common, increases original stimuli

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10
Q

give two examples of positive feedback

A
  1. giving birth- increases contractions will cause birth

2. fever- increasing body temp fights infections

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11
Q

Name the two types of stimuli

A

external and internal stimuli

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12
Q

external stimuli are also called

A

exteroceptors

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13
Q

external stimuli

A

face out, the five senses, respond to the external environment

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14
Q

internal stimuli are also called

A

interoceptors

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15
Q

internal stimuli

A

face in, blood pressure, body temp

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16
Q

Name the four types of receptors

A
  1. chemoreceptors
  2. mechanoreceptors
  3. photoreceptors
  4. thermoreceptors
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17
Q

the nervous system is composed of two parts

A

Central nervous system- brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system- nerves and ganglia

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18
Q

the CNS is _____ and the PNS is ____

A

internal, external

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19
Q

neurons are living ____. They contain the ___, ____, ___. Give the function of each

A

cells
cell body- nucleus and ER, takes signals in and sends them down
axon- sends info out
dendrites- receives info in

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20
Q

axon terminals

A

ends of neurons that signal to others

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21
Q

synapse

A

very small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another

22
Q

Name the four types of neurons

A
  1. bipolar- the most common, receives info and makes decisions
  2. unipolar- cell body not in line, quick response, hot pan example
  3. multipolar- multiple dendrite sites
  4. pyrimdal- brain and memory storage, long dendrites
23
Q

The function of sensory neurons

A

send info from sensory receptors to CNS

24
Q

the function of interneuron neurons

A

info from CNS to the motor neurons

25
Q

motor neurons function

A

CNS impulses to effector (gland or muscles)

26
Q

Name the four functions of neurons

A
  1. Collect info- from internal or external
  2. Make decisions- pass along or ignore
  3. Transmit Info-product signals
  4. Transfer info- tells sweat glands to sweat for example
27
Q

Neurons transmit info by producing signals ____

A

electrochemically

28
Q

The first Neuron function experiment results showed that

A

no matter how much voltage or juice, the squid leg will always produce the same action potential maximum

29
Q

In the first experiment, explain the charge within the membrane

A

starts at negative in resting potential, shoots up to positive charge, then ends in more negative than resting potential value at one point

30
Q

threshold definition

A

amount of stimulation needed for action potential to occur

31
Q

all or nothing principle

A

the action potential will always fire at its maximum or nothing at all, regardless of the voltage given

32
Q

resting potential

A

axon not conduction a nerve impulse

33
Q

when the squid leg was at resting potential the charge was

A

negative because the sodium ions could not get in and potassium ions could not get out through the blocked plasma membrane

34
Q

action potential

A

rapid change in axon that causes a nerve impulse

35
Q

the action potential is what caused the

A

sodium gates to open

36
Q

action potential causes ______.

A

depolarization- change in electronegativity

37
Q

once the sodium gates opened up

A

potassium remains, sodium rushes in, more ions within so positive membrane

38
Q

repolarization

A

opens the potassium gate

39
Q

once the potassium gate is opened

A

potassium leaves the membrane and sodium remains in the membrane

40
Q

how can the potassium ions leave through the opened gates

A

by the increased level in positive ions

41
Q

after potassium is released and sodium remains inside,

A

the gates are both blocked off, and resting potential is restored for the process to be repeated and another neuron can fire

42
Q

hyperpolarization

A

voltage drops lower and more negative than the voltage reading at resting potential

43
Q

hyperpolarization allows

A

the potassium and sodium concentrations to build back up on both sides of the membrane

44
Q

the second neuron experiment results shows that

A

two volt meters were connected, shows that neurons process one signal at a time and at different times

45
Q

what are three ways to generate an action potential without electric stimulation

A
  1. spontaneous generation- randomly opens the gates of potassium and sodium
  2. receiving info from firing neuron- most common
  3. sensory receptors- what starts it all
46
Q

the function of neurotransmitters

A

to send the information across the synapse gap

47
Q

neurotransmitters are stored in

A

the axon terminals

48
Q

two parts to the synapse

A

presynaptic membrane- sending neuron

postsynaptic membrane- receiving neuron

49
Q

the _____ in the muscles causes action potential

A

contraction

50
Q

the third neuron functioning experiment showed that

A

the maximum value of the action potential does not increase, by frequency increases and firing is more rapid

51
Q

the fourth neuron functioning experiment showed that

A

neurons get fatigued and will stop signaling after a while, this is a good thing

52
Q

sensory adaptation

A

presence of constant stimulation= less sensitive receptor= excitement rate slows

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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