Energy and Metabolism 2 Flashcards
How to enzymes lower the activation energy?
- Orient substrates correctly- linkages needed to be made are brought closer
- Facilitates bond breaking to reach transition state
- Provides favorable microenvironment
- Changes bond arrangements to make easier attachment
Enzyme functions are affected by the environmental factors such as
pH and temperature
no homeostasis= no functioning enzymes= no _____
metabolism
competitive inhibitors
inhibitor binds to the active site of enzyme, no allowing the lock and key fit to occur
noncompetitive inhibitors
binds to another part of the enzyme to change the overall shape. Enzyme no longer fits into the substrate
Give examples of enzyme inhibitors
poison, toxins, antibiotics
If metabolic pathways are not controlled..
chaos occurs
The main way how cells regulate metabolic pathways are
regulation of genes
regulation of genes-
express more or less of a certain (protein) for example to increase or decrease the presence
allosteric regulation
inhibits or stimulates enzyme’s activity
allosteric regulators are made up of
polypeptide subunits
Name the two types of allosteric regulators
- Allosteric Activator
2. Allosteric Inhibitor
Allosteric Activator
presence of activator exposes the different active sites in a STABLE form
Allosteric inhibitors
presence of inhibitor causes all active sites to be covered in a STABLE form
Allosteric Cooperativity
substrate addition activates other three active sites
Feedback Inhibition definition
end product shuts down the metabolic pathway
What is the main benefit to feedback inhibition?
To save energy, no energy is wasted in making repeated products, and that energy can be used somewhere else useful in the cell
Compartmentalization within the Eukaryotic cells allows:
isolation, isolation of enzymes to stop their function
example of compartmentalization
lysosomes, not fed= not digestive
how mitochondria can control enzymes
contains a chemical gradient structure where different enzymes can be isolated within
The three main types of work that the cell can do
chemical, transport, and mechanical
to do work within the cell, ____ is needed.
energy
ATP is the cells _____.
battery
ATP is composed of
a ribose (sugar), adenine, and three phosphate groups
ATP is used efficiently to
diffuse concentrations of different molecules from high concentration to lower concentration
energy is released when
phosphate bonds in ATP are broken
breaking of the phosphate bonds results in
change to lower free energy
by changing the free energy…
more energy is provided and increases the free energy to do other things within the cell
Use _____ to break up ATP.
hydrolysis
ADP can become ATP by using ____.
the energy from the catabolic respiration reactions
the conversion between putting energy into ATP to make ADP and release energy is
continuous and keeps regenerating
