The Cell

Question 1

What are the 3 principles of the cell theory

Answer 1

1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

MRSGREN

Answer 2

M= movement
R= respiration
S= sensitivity
H= homeostasis 
G= growth
R= reproduction 
E= excretion 
N= nutrition

Question 3

Why is cell size limited

Answer 3

-the surface area has to be proportional to the cell, so if the cell is too big its surface area will be tiny. Chemical reactions need surface area to be big, so the surface area to volume ration has to be coherent (although it limits the size of the cell)

Question 4

what did the evolution of multicellular organisms allow

Answer 4

cell specialization and cell replacement

Question 5

where do multicellular organisms get their properties from

Answer 5

from the interaction of their cellular components

Question 6

functions of life

Answer 6

• metabolism= chemical reactions within organism
• reproduction= hereditary molecules that can be passed to the offspring
• homeostasis= maintenance of a constant internal environment
• excretion= enables chemical compounds that an organism cannot use/may be toxic/harmful to be released
• response= imperative for organism to survive
• nutrition= intake of nutrients and components that the cell needs
• growth- may be limited but evident

Question 7

Decreasing order of cells size

Answer 7

cell
organelle
bacteria
viruses
membranes
molecules

Question 8

What indicates that a structure is alive

Answer 8

metabolism

Question 9

give an example of a cell in which more than one nucleus can be found

Answer 9

muscle fiber

Question 10

what did Pasteur do

Answer 10

• disproved the test of spontaneous generation by using the swan neck flask experiment

Question 11

what does the atmosphere primarily consist of

Answer 11

hydrogen
nitrogen
water vapor
methane
ammonia

Question 12

what did Miller and Urey do

Answer 12

-conducted an experimented where they attempted to recreate the conditions of prebiotic earth
what did they find? a week later 13/20 naturally occurring amino acids (foundation for proteins; life) where formed

Question 13

what else proves that first cels must have arisen from non-living material

Answer 13

-presence of RNA (genetic material) in pre-biotic earth

Question 14

what is the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 14

it explains the existence of several organelles of eukaryotes.
THE THEORY STATES: that the organelles originate as symbiosis between separate singe-celled organisms

Question 15

examples of organelles in the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 15

• chloroplasts

- mitochondria

Question 16

what is symbiosis

Answer 16

when one being and another work together

Question 17

evidence of endosymbiotic theory

Answer 17

• mitochondria have their own (double) membrane + DNA + can reproduce
• mitochondria + chloroplasts can produce their own energy
• evolutionary drive (oxygen topic: look for protection, inability to ingest large amounts of nutrients)
• TIMELINE of creation: prokaryotes > energy> oxygen> eukaryotes)
• chloroplasts and mitochondria have similar size to bacteria
• synthesis of DNA, RNA, Ribosomes, Chlorophyll and proteins similar to that of a bacterium
• ribosome size
• susceptible to antibiotic chloramphenicol

Question 18

list the functions of life in paramecium and one named photosynthetic organism

Answer 18

PARAMECIUM:

• unicellular member of the protista
• MRSGREN

CHLORELLA

Question 19

discuss the cell theory using atypical examples such as

a. striated muscle
b. giant algae
c. septette fungal hyphae

Answer 19

a. striated muscle
- challenges idea that cell has only one nucleus

b. giant algae
- challenges that the cell is a single unit
c. septette fungal hyphae
- challenges idea that cells must be simple and small in size