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IB Higher Bio > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Interphase

A

G1 -cells undergoes rapid growth
S- centrosomes divide
G2- ribosomes and mitochondria are evenly distributed

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2
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes start to condense
  • nuclear membrane disintegrates
  • spindle forms between centrioles
  • centrioles migrate to opposite poles
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3
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up along equator

- chromosomes attach to spindly fibres by centromeres

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4
Q

Anaphase

A
  • spindle fibers shorten
  • chromatids pulled to opposite poles
  • chromosomes sperate
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5
Q

Telophase

A
  • chromosomes form groups at each pole
  • chromosomes uncoil and become less visible
  • nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes
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6
Q

Mitosis

A

DNA replicates

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7
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

MITOSIS

  • everywhere throughout cell (somatic cells)
  • cell division
  • 2 diploid, identical daughter cells produced
  • form of asexual reproduction
  • 46 chromosomes
  • 1 cycle

MEOISIS

  • sexual reproduction ( only in sex cells)
  • 23 chromosomes
  • 4 haploid, unique daughter cells produced
  • 2 cycles
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8
Q

what is the control checkpoint

A

-step of cell cycle where cycle is checked for repairs or damage of DNA before preceding to mitosis

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9
Q

steps of the cell cycle

A

INTERPHASE: G1, S, G2
Checkpoint
MITOSIS
CYTOKENISIS

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10
Q

what are CYCLINS

A

a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle

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11
Q

process of CYCLINS

A
  1. Cells cannot progress to the next stage of the cell cycle unless a specific cyclin reads its threshold
  2. cyclins bind to enzymes called cylin-depedent kinases =
  3. these kinases then become active and attach phosphate groups of other proteins in the cell
  4. the attachment of phosphate triggers the other proteins to become active and carry out tasks (specific to one of the phases of the cell cycle)
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12
Q

what are kinases

A

family-related enzymes

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13
Q

correlation…

A

does not mean causation

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14
Q

types of tumor formations

A
  1. Mutagens
  2. Oncogenes
  3. Metastasis
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15
Q

what are mutagens

A 
carcinogenic chemicals (cancer causing), high energy radiation 
e.g X-rays of lungs
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16
Q

what are oncogenes

A

genes that have mutated that can cause cancer

17
Q

what is metastasis

A

movement of cells from a primary tumor to set up a secondary tumor (CANCER SPREADS THROUGHOUT BODY)

18
Q

what are the features of a cancer cell (tumor)

A
  • cancer cells do not differentiate into a specialist cell type
  • a cancer cell is parasitic, taking nutrients from a surrounding cells by forming large numbers of blood vessels to supply it
  • a cancer cell undergoes uncontrolled division
19
Q

what are risk factors

A

anything that increase a change of developing a disease
-are correlational but not casual
e.g international travel= risk factor for malaria
cause= parasite in mosquitos
- smoking is a major risk for cancer

20
Q

What does epidemiology mean

A

the study of people

21
Q

difference between reliability and validity

A

RELIABILITY- the consistency of findings

VALIDITY- measuring what you set out to measure

22
Q

what is lung cancer

A
  • biggest cause for cancer-related deaths
  • 90% of cases caused by smoking
  • mos cases due to uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells living in the airway (cancer arising from the cells are called carcinomas)
23
Q

symptoms of lung cancer

A
  • shortness of breath
  • coughing
  • loss of weight
  • nausea
24
Q

timeline of the progression the smoking is the causation for lung cancer

A
  1. RICHARD DOLL AND AUSTIN BRADFORD (1950)
    investigate 17000 men and women in London
    find: risk of developing lung cancer increases in proportion to the amount smoked
  2. BRITISH MALE DOCTORS INVESTIGATION (1950-2001)
    - study of British male doctors health and smoking habits

found:

  • lifelong smokers died, on average, 10 years earlier than non smokers
  • the earlier smokers stopped smoking ,the more chance they have of avoiding reduced life expectancy .

IB Higher Bio (21 decks)

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