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PE > the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the pulmonary circuit do

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

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2
Q

what does the systemic circuit do

A

carries oxygenated blood to the body tissues and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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3
Q

what is diastole

A

the relaxation phase of the heart

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4
Q

what is systole

A

the contraction phase of the heart

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5
Q

what does the SA node do

A

it initiates the heartbeat

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6
Q

what is stroke volume determined by

A

venous return- if more blood enters the heart, more blood will be pumped out

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7
Q

ejection fraction

A

the % of blood pumped out of the left ventricle, per beat.

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8
Q

what are pocket valves

A

one way valves that prevent the back flow of blood/ one direction flow

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9
Q

what is muscle pump

A

veins situated between skeletal muscles which help squeeze blood back to the heart when they contract and relax

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10
Q

what is the respiratory pump

A

during exercise, breathing increases deeper in the thorax and abdomen

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11
Q

smooth muscle

A

thin layer of smooth muscle helps squeeze blood back towards the heart

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12
Q

gravity

A

blood from upper body is aided in its return by gravity

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13
Q

what is frank starling law

A

when SV increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling in the left ventricle

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14
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount/volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

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15
Q

examples of cardiac responses to exercise:changes in HR

A

HR increases (how much by is depending on the intensity of the exercise)
HR increases in direct proportion to exercise intensity

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16
Q

where is the cardiac control centre located

A

medulla oblongata (brain stem)

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17
Q

what controls the CCC

A

the autonomic nervous system- it is an involuntary nervous system

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18
Q

what are the three main influences of the ANS

A

intrinsic control
hormonal control
neural control

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19
Q

what do chemoreceptors do

A

informs the brain if CO2 levels increase, O2 levels decrease or if PH levels rise

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20
Q

what do proprioceptors do

A

detects if movement has been increased or decreased

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21
Q

what do baroreceptors do

A

dectect if blood flow and blood pressure increases or decreases

22
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

increases HR
sends a signal via the accelerator nerve to the SA nerve to increase HR

23
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

decreases HR
sends a signal via the vagus nerve to the SA node to decrease HR

24
Q

which part of the autonomic nervous system is in control of HR when a person is at rest

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

25
Q

what hormone is released when the PNS is keeping the HR down

A

acetylcholine

26
Q

what are the two layers of blood

A

45% cells
55% plasma

27
Q

how many layers thick are arteries

A

3 layers thick

28
Q

what are arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart via the aorta

29
Q

how do arteries control blood flow

A

they vasodilate and vasoconstrict

30
Q

what type of blood do arteries carry

A

they usually carry highly oxygenated blood, with the exception of the pulmonary artery

31
Q

how do arteries/arterioles change shape and regulate blood flow

A

they have a layer of smooth muscle

32
Q

what do precapillary sphincters do

A

they vasodilate and vasocontrict

33
Q

what are capillaries

A

they are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels in the body

34
Q

what do capillaries do

A

they transport the oxygen rich red blood cells through them allowing oxygen to diffuse into the muscles and carbon dioxide out

35
Q

how many layers thick is a capillary

A

1 thin layer wall (allows for the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and blood to be made easier)

36
Q

what do veins do

A

carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

37
Q

how many layers thick are veins

A

3 layers thick

38
Q

what type of blood do veins carry

A

mostly carry deoxygenated blood, with the exception of the pulmonary vein

39
Q

where do veins carry blood towards

A

the heart

39
Q

what is vascular shunting

A

blood is diverted to the working muscles and away from the non-essential organs

39
Q

what is vasodilation

A

smooth muscle relaxes to make the inside of the arterioles wider

40
Q

what is vasocontriction

A

smooth muscle contracts to make the inside of the arterioles narrower

41
Q

what are precapillary sphincters

A

rings of muscle at the junction between the arterioles and capillaries

42
Q

what do precapillary sphincters do

A

they can effectively ‘open’ or ‘close’ the capillaries leading to the muscles or organs

43
Q

what happens to O2 during exercise

A

it diffuses into the capillaries that are supplying muscle with oxygen

44
Q

what stores O2 in the muscle

A

myoglobin as it has a high affinity for O2

45
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place within the muscle

A

the mitochondria

46
Q

what is myoglobin

A

a protien that stores O2 in the muscle

47
Q

how much CO2 is transported around the body in the blood as hydrogen carbonate

A

70%

48
Q

why is carbon dioxide produced

A

it is produced by the muscles as a waste product that diffuses into the blood stream

49
Q

what is cardiac drift

A

the upward drift of heart rate over time, coupled with a progressive decline in stroke volume and the continued maintenance of cardiac output

50
Q

what effects cardiac drift

A

an increase in core temperature and body water losses

PE (13 decks)

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