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NEW ANATOMY > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Heart Located?

A

It is Located in the Mediastinum, the Space Between the Two Lungs.

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2
Q

What is the Rounded, Cranial (Toward the Skull) End of the Heart Called?

A

The Base of the Heart.

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3
Q

What is the Pointed, Caudal (Toward the Tail) End of the Heart Called?

A

The Apex of the Heart.

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4
Q

What Kind of Fibrous Sac Contains the Heart?

A

The Pericardium.

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5
Q

What are the Two Parts of the Pericardium?

A

The Pericardial Sac and the Serous Pericardium.

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6
Q

What are the Two Membranes of the Serous Pericardium?

A

The Smooth, Moist of the Serous Membrane is the Parietal Layer. The Visceral Layer is Directly on the Surface of the Heart.

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7
Q

What is the Pericardial Space?

A

The Area Between the Two Serous Membranes. It is Filled with Pericardial Fluid.

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8
Q

What is the Myocardium?

A

It is the Middle and Thickest Layer in the Muscular Layer. It is Made Up Cardiac Muscle.

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9
Q

How is The Cardiac Muscle Being Autorhythmic an Advantage?

A

It Doesn’t Fatigue, Which Means that Without Outside Stimulus, it Can Start Beating in a Steady Rhythm and Doesn’t Need a Break.

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10
Q

What is the Epicardium?

A

It is the Outermost Layer of the Heart Wall. It Lies on the External Surface of the Myocardium.

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11
Q

What is the Endocardium?

A

It is the Membrane that Lies on the Internal Surface of the Myocardium. It is Composed of Thin, Flat Simple Squamous Epithelium and Forms the Lining of the Heart Chambers.

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12
Q

What Does the Two Atria (Singular: Atrium) Do?

A

It Receives the Blood into the Heart.

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13
Q

What does the Two Ventricles Do?

A

They pump Blood Out of the Blood.

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14
Q

What is the Interatrial Septum?

A

It is a Continuation of the Myocardium that Separates the Left and Right Atrium.

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15
Q

What are Auricles?

A

They are a Way for the Atria to be Identified by the Outside of the Heart. They are Blind Pouches that Come off the Main For of the Atria. They Look Like Earflaps.

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16
Q

What are the Interventricular Septum?

A

They are a Continuation Septum that Separates the Left and Right Ventricles. Altogether they Form the Atrioventricular Septum.

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17
Q

What Does the Interventricular Groove Contain?

A

It Contains the Coronary Blood Vessels, Which is usually Filled With Fat.

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18
Q

What is the Pulmonary Artery?

A

The Right Ventricle Pumps Blood to the Pulmonary Circulation Through This Artery. The Passage isn’t Long, so the Wall is Thinner.

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19
Q

Which Ventricle Pumps Blood Through the Aorta?

A

The Left Ventricle Pumps Blood to the Systemic Circulation Through the Aorta.

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20
Q

Where is the Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves) Located?

A

Between the Atria and the Ventricles.

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21
Q

What is the Tricuspid Valve?

A

The Right AV Valve Has Three Flaps or Cusps of Endothelium Called This.

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22
Q

What is the Bicuspid Valve?

A

Also Known as the Mitral Valve, it is the Two Cusps of the Left AV Valve.

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23
Q

What are the Semilunar Valve?

A

Two Valves that Control Blood Flow out of the Ventricles and into Arteries. They have Three Cusps.

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24
Q

What is the Pulmonary Valve?

A

The Right Semilunar Valve, Blood from the Right Ventricular Flows Through it into the Pulmonary Circulation.

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25
Q

What is the Aortic Valve?

A

The Left Semilunar Valve, Blood from the Left Ventricle Flows Through it to the Aorta.

26
Q

What is the Aorta?

A

It is the Major Artery that is the Beginning of the Systemic Circulation.

27
Q

What are the Coronary Arteries and Coronary Veins?

A

They Branch off of the Aorta Just Past the Aortic Valve. They Branch Around the Heart and Encircle it. They Carry Away Waste Materials.

28
Q

What is the Coronary Sinus?

A

A Channel Made By the Coronary Arteries and Coronary Sinus. It Drains Directly into the Right Atrium.

29
Q

What is the Vena Cava?

A

It is the Large Vein that Brings Deoxygenated Blood from the Systemic Circulation to the Heart. The Vena Cava Enters the Right Atrium From the of the Heart.

30
Q

What is a Cardiac Cycle?

A

It is One Cycle of Atrial and Ventricular Contraction and Relaxation. It Produces on Heartbeat.

31
Q

What is the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)?

A

It is Where the Impulse for Each Heartbeat Comes From. It is Located in the Wall of the Right Atrium. It is the Pacemaker of the Heart.

32
Q

What Structures Make Up the Primary Cardiac Conduction System?

A

1.) The SA Node
2.) The AV Node
3.) The Bundle of His
4.) The Purkinje Fiber System.

33
Q

What is a Valvular Insufficiency?

A

This is a Heart Condition Where One or More of the Cardiac Valves don’t Close All the Way. This Causes a Murmur. The Murmur Is Produced by Turbulence in the Blood Flow and Sounds Like a Swishing or Whooshing Sound

34
Q

What is Valvular Stenosis?

A

This is a Heart Condition Where Any One or More of the Cardiac Valves Don’t Open All the Way. A Murmur is Caused By the Turbulent Blood Flow.

35
Q

What is Cardiac Output (CO)?

A

It is the Volume of Blood That is Usually Ejected Out of the Left Ventricle or a Unit of Time. Usually One Minute.

36
Q

What Two Factors Determine the Cardiac Output?

A

Stroke Volume and Heart Rate.

37
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

The Volume of Blood Ejected From the Left Ventricle During One Contraction or Systole. Also Known as a Systolic Discharge.

38
Q

What is Heart Rate?

A

The Number of Times the Ventricle Contracts or Beats in 1 Minute.

39
Q

What is a Preload?

A

It is the Volume of Blood the Ventricle Receives From the Atrium.

40
Q

What is an Afterload?

A

It is the Physical Resistance Presented By the Artery the Ventricle is Ejecting Blood Into.

41
Q

What is the Endothelium?

A

It lines the Lumen of the Arteries and Veins. It is Composed of Thin, Smooth Simple Squamous Epithelium and is Continuous With the Endocardium that Lines the Chambers of the Heart.

42
Q

What is an Elastic Artery?

A

They are Able to Stretch When Blood Passes Through them Because they have a Large Number of Elastic Fibers in the Middle Layers of their Walls. The Aorta is the Largest Elastic Artery.

43
Q

What is the Muscular Artery?

A

They Have More Smooth Muscle Fibers than Elastic Fibers in their Walls. They are Found Farther Away from the Heart than Elastic Arteries and Usually Direct Blood to Specific and Tissues.

44
Q

What are Arterioles?

A

They are the Smallest Branch of the Arterial Tree. They are Small Muscular Arteries.

45
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

Arterioles Branch into these Many Microscopic Blood Vessel. They Occur in Groups Called Capillary Beds or Capillary Networks.

46
Q

What are Venules?

A

To Get Blood Back to the Heart, Capillaries Join Together to Form these Tiny Veins.

47
Q

What is the Umbilical Vein?

A

Oxygenated Blood From the Mother Flows Through the Placenta into the Fetus Through This Vein.

48
Q

What is the Foramen Ovale?

A

It is the First Bypass Between the Right and Left Atria in the Fetus.

49
Q

What is the Ductus Arteriosus?

A

In the Fetus, Blood from the Pulmonary Artery May Flow Through into the Lungs or through this Bypass into the Aorta.

50
Q

What is Systolic Blood Pressure?

A

It is the Highest Number Produced by Ejection of Blood from the Left Ventricle into the Systemic Circulation by the Aorta.

51
Q

What is the Diastolic Blood Pressure?

A

It is the Lowest Number. It Measures the Pressure Remaining in the Artery During Left Ventricle Diastole When the Ventricle is Relaxing and Refilling with Blood.

52
Q

What is Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

This is the Average Pressure During One Cardiac Cycle.

53
Q

What Does Electrocardiography Produce?

A

It Produces an Electrocardiogram. The Electrical Impulse that Originates in the SA Nose and Spreads Through the Cardiac Conduction System and Can be Detected on the Surface of the Animal’s Body.

54
Q

What is Electrocardiography Used For?

A

It is Used to Evaluate the Electrical Activity of the Heart.

55
Q

What Does Echocardiography Produce?

A

It Uses Ultrasound to Bounce Sound Waves off Parts of the Heart to Watch the Heart Beating.

56
Q

What is the Echocardiography Used For?

A

It is Used to Evaluate the Size, Shape, and Movement of the Heart Structures.

57
Q

What is the P Wave?

A

In an Electrocardiogram, it is the Time it Takes for the Wave of Depolarization to Travel From the SA Node Through the Atria.

58
Q

What is the T Wave?

A

In the Electrocardiogram, it is the Time of Ventricular Relaxation (Repolarization)

59
Q

What, in the QRS Complex, the Q Wave?

A

In the Electrocardiogram, the Q Wave Corresponds to Depolarization of the Interventricular Septum.

60
Q

What, in the QRS Complex, the R Wave?

A

In the Electrocardiogram, the R Wave Corresponds to Depolarization of the Main Mass of the Ventricles so it is the Largest Wave.

61
Q

What, in the QRS Complex, the S Wave?

A

In the Electrocardiogram, the S Wave Corresponds to the Final Part Depolarization of the Ventricles Near the Base of the Heart.

NEW ANATOMY (12 decks)

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