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The Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of Neurons

A

Transfer info across the brain and nervous system

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2
Q

Structure of a Neuron

A

Soma (cell body)
Dendrites
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Terminal Buttons
Synapse

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3
Q

Soma (Cell body)

A

contains nucleus and controls cell function

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4
Q

dendrites

A

transmits impulses from other cells to the cell body

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5
Q

axon

A

where impulses come from

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

wraps around the axon and acts as insulation for the neuron

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7
Q

terminal buttons

A

sends signals to other neurons

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8
Q

synapse

A

connects neurons to each other
goes from the brain to the body to the muscle

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9
Q

glia cells

A

removes waste
adds structure

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10
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that are activated by seeing another person perform an action

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11
Q

resting potential

A

stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

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12
Q

depolarization

A

less negative charge on the inside of a cell than the outside

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13
Q

action potential

A

brief change in a neuron’s electrical charge

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14
Q

all or none principle

A

nerves either fire at full strength or not at all

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15
Q

refractory period

A

when response to a second stimulant is slowed because the first stimulant is still being processed

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16
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the space that a nerve impulse is transmitted across

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17
Q

what are neurotransmitters and how do they send messages

A

chemical messengers
they release, go to the synapse then attach to the receptors

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18
Q

receptor sites

A

where neurotransmitters are found

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19
Q

reuptake

A

when neurotransmitters are sponged up from the cleft by the presynaptic membrane

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20
Q

agonists

A

mimic a certain neurotransmitter

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21
Q

antagonist

A

blocks a certain neurotransmitter

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22
Q

synaptic pruning

A

when the synapses sever certain connections that they no longer need

23
Q

acetycholine

A

the only transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles
linked to memory
undersupply leads to alzheimers

24
Q

dopamine

A

reward center
controls voluntary movements, learning and attention
undersupply leads to Parkinson’s and oversupply leads to schizophrenia

25
Q

norepinephrine

A

alertness and arousal
undersupply can depress mood

26
Q

serotonin

A

regulates sleep and wakefulness, mood and hunger
undersupply leads to depression

27
Q

GABA

A

only produces inhibitory postsynaptic potential
undersupply leads to seizures, tremors, insomnia and anxiety

28
Q

endorphins

A

resembles opiates in structure and effects
body’s natural pain killer

29
Q

central nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid

30
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

31
Q

somatic vs. autonomic

A

somatic - voluntary movements; throwing, kicking, writing
autonomic - involuntary and has the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) systems

32
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates muscle movements and balance
hindbrain

33
Q

medulla

A

controls breathing and circulation
hindbrain

34
Q

pons

A

controls sleep, arousal and fear
hindbrain

35
Q

reticular formation

A

carries stimulations related to sleep and arousal
midbrain

36
Q

thalamus

A

incoming/outgoing signals
forebrain

37
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates hunger, thirst, and temperature control
forebrain

38
Q

hippocampus

A

involved in learning and memory
limbic system

39
Q

amygdala

A

involved in emotion and aggression/fear
limbic system

40
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects and allows communication between hemispheres
in the cerebral cortex

41
Q

frontal lobe

A

controls muscle movements and higher-level functioning

42
Q

parietal lobe

A

registers sense of touch, smell, taste, etc

43
Q

occipital lobe

A

where visual signals are sent

44
Q

temporal lobe

A

devoted to auditory processing and encoding memory

45
Q

motor cortex

A

causes voluntary muscle contractions in the fingers, lips, tongue, etc

46
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

receives signals from different areas of the body

47
Q

left brain vs right brain

A

left deals with language and logic, right deals with spatial navigation and facial recognition

48
Q

broca’s area

A

left frontal lobe area that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

49
Q

wernicke’s area

A

left temporal lobe area involved in language comprehension

50
Q

split brain research (sperry’s famous experiment)

A

sperry did experiments on split brain patients (patients who had their corpus callosum split so their brains were in two separate halves)
he would have them cover one eye and read words then cover the other and try to draw them. it showed how either side of the brain processed specific language functions vs visual functions

51
Q

endocrine system

A

body system that produces and regulates hormones

52
Q

role of the pancreas

A

produces enzymes and hormones

53
Q

role of pituitary gland

A

produces growth hormone and promotes sexual reproduction

54
Q

adrenal glands

A

regulates metabolism, immune system, blood pressure and controls the responses to stress

psych (12 decks)

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