Learning/Conditioning

Question 1

What is learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in behavior

Question 2

define classical conditioning

Answer 2

type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Question 3

pavlov’s experiment

Answer 3

conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 4

something that evokes an unconditioned response without conditioning

Question 5

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 5

unlearned reaction to an US without previous conditioning

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

previously neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned response through conditioning (the bell in Pavlov’s experiment)

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

something that never creates the response itself (the bell at first in pavlov’s experiment)

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning (the dog salivating at the food)

Question 9

acquisition

Answer 9

initial stage of learning

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

eliminating a response created by conditioning

Question 11

discrimination

Answer 11

responding a different way to similar but different stimuli

Question 12

generalization

Answer 12

responding the same way to similar but different stimuli

Question 13

spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the CS

Question 14

higher order conditioning

Answer 14

when a conditioned stimulus is paired with another
ex: if the bell in Pavlov’s experiment was also presented with a circle, so every time the dog saw the circle he would salivate

Question 15

little albert experiment

Answer 15

conditioned a toddler to fear white rats
US = loud noise
UR = fear of the loud noise
NS = rat
CS = rat
CR = fear of the rats
generalization = responses to dogs, rabbits and masks after the experiment
created a phobia which made the study unethical

Question 16

immunosuppression & classical conditioning

Answer 16

immunosuppressants are given to patient along with a strange tasting liquid. after a while the drug is taken away but the patient keeps drinking the liquid, so the body thinks it’s still taking the drug because it’s conditioned to think so

Question 17

what did skinner’s experiment with the skinner box show

Answer 17

learning through the consequences of our behavior (when we all boo’d at dave until he got the squishy things from the cabinet)

Question 18

shaping

Answer 18

repeatedly reinforcing closer and closer approximation of a desired response

Question 19

contiguity

Answer 19

when the CS and US occur close together in time
frequency of pairing of the UCS and CS intensity

Question 20

types of negative reinforcement

Answer 20

escape learning
avoidance learning

Question 21

escape learning

Answer 21

behavior that allows you to remove/stop an unpleasant stimulus

Question 22

avoidance learning

Answer 22

behavior that allows you to avoid an unpleasant stimulus

Question 23

observational learning

Answer 23

when an organism’s responses are influenced by the observation of others

Question 24

role of reinforcement in observational learning

Answer 24

the outcome of a certain behavior

Question 25

process of observational learning

Answer 25

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

Question 26

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 26

copying behavior that is observed as being positively reinforced

Question 27

bandura’s experiment

Answer 27

exposing children to an aggressive adult model vs. a non-aggressive adult model

Question 28

fixed ratio

Answer 28

reinforced for a specific number of responses

Question 29

fixed interval

Answer 29

reinforced after a specified amount of time
little response after receiving reinforcement, then working harder right before reinforcement

Question 30

fixed variables

Answer 30

reinforced for an unpredictable number of responses

Question 31

learned helplessness

Answer 31

when an individual is exposed to a lot of uncontrollable negative events. the person perceives that they have no control over their reinforcers or keeps getting punished in their life and just quits trying
ex: when raymac beat jack to death

Question 32

how do you help someone with learned helplessness

Answer 32

use resources for help, slow down, letting someone know you’re there and it’s ok to fail

Question 33

how does learned helplessness lead to mental problems

Answer 33

if someone keeps trying to make friends but keeps getting ignored, leads to social withdrawal and then depression
if someone is trying to get sober from drugs/alcohol but keeps failing they will eventually give up

Question 34

token economy program

Answer 34

symbolic reinforcers that you turn in for real reinforcers in order to reach a certain goal