Learning/Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior

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2
Q

define classical conditioning

A

type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

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3
Q

pavlov’s experiment

A

conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

something that evokes an unconditioned response without conditioning

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5
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

unlearned reaction to an US without previous conditioning

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6
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

previously neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned response through conditioning (the bell in Pavlov’s experiment)

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7
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

something that never creates the response itself (the bell at first in pavlov’s experiment)

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8
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning (the dog salivating at the food)

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9
Q

acquisition

A

initial stage of learning

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10
Q

extinction

A

eliminating a response created by conditioning

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11
Q

discrimination

A

responding a different way to similar but different stimuli

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12
Q

generalization

A

responding the same way to similar but different stimuli

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13
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the CS

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14
Q

higher order conditioning

A

when a conditioned stimulus is paired with another
ex: if the bell in Pavlov’s experiment was also presented with a circle, so every time the dog saw the circle he would salivate

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15
Q

little albert experiment

A

conditioned a toddler to fear white rats
US = loud noise
UR = fear of the loud noise
NS = rat
CS = rat
CR = fear of the rats
generalization = responses to dogs, rabbits and masks after the experiment
created a phobia which made the study unethical

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16
Q

immunosuppression & classical conditioning

A

immunosuppressants are given to patient along with a strange tasting liquid. after a while the drug is taken away but the patient keeps drinking the liquid, so the body thinks it’s still taking the drug because it’s conditioned to think so

17
Q

what did skinner’s experiment with the skinner box show

A

learning through the consequences of our behavior (when we all boo’d at dave until he got the squishy things from the cabinet)

18
Q

shaping

A

repeatedly reinforcing closer and closer approximation of a desired response

19
Q

contiguity

A

when the CS and US occur close together in time
frequency of pairing of the UCS and CS intensity

20
Q

types of negative reinforcement

A

escape learning
avoidance learning

21
Q

escape learning

A

behavior that allows you to remove/stop an unpleasant stimulus

22
Q

avoidance learning

A

behavior that allows you to avoid an unpleasant stimulus

23
Q

observational learning

A

when an organism’s responses are influenced by the observation of others

24
Q

role of reinforcement in observational learning

A

the outcome of a certain behavior

25
process of observational learning
attention retention reproduction motivation
26
vicarious reinforcement
copying behavior that is observed as being positively reinforced
27
bandura's experiment
exposing children to an aggressive adult model vs. a non-aggressive adult model
28
fixed ratio
reinforced for a specific number of responses
29
fixed interval
reinforced after a specified amount of time little response after receiving reinforcement, then working harder right before reinforcement
30
fixed variables
reinforced for an unpredictable number of responses
31
learned helplessness
when an individual is exposed to a lot of uncontrollable negative events. the person perceives that they have no control over their reinforcers or keeps getting punished in their life and just quits trying ex: when raymac beat jack to death
32
how do you help someone with learned helplessness
use resources for help, slow down, letting someone know you're there and it's ok to fail
33
how does learned helplessness lead to mental problems
if someone keeps trying to make friends but keeps getting ignored, leads to social withdrawal and then depression if someone is trying to get sober from drugs/alcohol but keeps failing they will eventually give up
34
token economy program
symbolic reinforcers that you turn in for real reinforcers in order to reach a certain goal