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Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

continuity model

A

Development takes place through slow and steady change.

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2
Q

discontinuity model

A

When development is characterized by rapid and sudden change.

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3
Q

maturation definition

A

Biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior. Basically unfolding of the genetic blueprint

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4
Q

reflexes

A

sucking, rooting (touching the cheek and the head turns), startle (limbs go up in the air)

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5
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

A study that compares the same individuals at periodic intervals over an extended period of time. Accurate but expensive and high drop out rates

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6
Q

Temperament

A

A human’s way of consistently responding emotionally and behaviorally to environment; seems to be inborn

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7
Q

Thomas and Chess study

A

reviewed the temperament of group of humans from childhood to adulthood and determined that temperament is fairly stable as age

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8
Q

cross-sectional study

A

Researchers compare groups of participants of different ages at the same period of time.
Ex: compare memories of 6 yr olds, 20 yr olds and 40 yr olds.
less expensive and low drop out rates but less accurate

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9
Q

cohort effect

A

flaw with the cross-sectional study; occurs when commonly aged group of people in research that affects results due to their common age-related influences

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10
Q

attachment

A

Close emotional bond that occurs between infant & caregivers.

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11
Q

Imprinting

A

formation of a strong bond of attachment to the first moving object seen after birth

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12
Q

lorenz’s goose experiment

A

Newborn geese first set eyes on Lorenz & follow him all around. They ignore own mothers.

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13
Q

harlow’s attachment study

A

infant monkeys are placed in a cage with two types of surrogate or substitute mothers (wire or soft), they go to the soft mother when they are scared even though the soft mother has no food and the wire one does

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14
Q

what did harlow prove

A

bonding is not just about primary reinforcements or else they would run to nourishing, wire mother. Emotional bond provided by attachment is crucial to our development

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15
Q

ainsworth’s study

A

“Strange Situation” study. A mother leaves child unattended and a stranger comes in. The child responds to the stranger in 3 different attachment styles

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16
Q

ainsworth’s attachment styles

A

secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized

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17
Q

what is the best attachment style

A

secure attachment; A positive correlation between secure attachment style and future success. Attachment style when young usually follows you as age. So if secure attachment when young, you will develop secure relationship and better social development

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18
Q

assimilation

A

When child is exposed to something new in environment. If new concepts fit into an existing schema it’s called assimilation

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19
Q

accommodation

A

When new information & experiences cause you to change existing schema

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20
Q

object permanence

A

When children learn at the end of the sensorimotor stage that an object still exists when it’s out of sight.

21
Q

pre-operational stage

A

The development of symbolic thought paves the way for language, 2-6 yrs

22
Q

Egocentric Thought

A

inability to see situation from another person’s point of view

23
Q

laws of conservation

A

Changing an objects form or shape doesn’t change the amount of the substance. Don’t understand until in concrete operational stage

24
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

can start to think about abstract things (algebra, metaphors etc), 12 yrs+

25
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

uses senses and motor skills, learns object permanence, 0-2 yrs

26
Q

concrete operational stage

A

logic applied, can rationalize logical things (numbers, ideas, classifications etc.), 7-11 yrs

27
Q

what did vygotsky believe

A

that children develop cognitive skills through interaction with other people (more experience)

28
Q

zone of proximal development

A

The gap between what person can learn alone and what person can achieve with help from others

29
Q

scaffolding

A

When assistance provided to a child changes as learning progresses

30
Q

kohlberg’s study

A

Give moral dilemma where man steals drugs for dying wife, & subjects judge morality of action

31
Q

carol gilligan’s moral theory

A

states that Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is based more on interpersonal relationships and caring for others. She states that Kohlberg’s theory was based on a masculine view of morality

32
Q

trust vs. mistrust age

A

0-1 year

33
Q

autonomy vs. shame and doubt age

A

1-3 years

34
Q

initiative vs. guilt age

A

3-6 years

35
Q

industry vs. inferiority age

A

6-12 years

36
Q

identity vs. role confusion age

A

teenage years

37
Q

intimacy vs. isolation age

A

early adulthood

38
Q

generativity vs. stagnation age

A

middle age

39
Q

ego integrity vs. despair age

A

65+ years

40
Q

fixation

A

when a conflict at a stage is not resolved. So if you have fixation you haven’t completely resolved the stage

41
Q

oral fixation

A

person who doesn’t resolve stage will display an oral fixation demonstrated through smoking, overeating etc. This is Freud’s view.

42
Q

dementia

A

syndrome involving substantial impairment in memory, reasoning, and other cognitive tasks

43
Q

alzheimers

A

disease that has dementia as a primary symptom. Excessive protein tangles in brain, also linked to low levels of acetycholine

44
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to think and reason in a flexible manner. Good for abstract thinking & solving problems
Fluid intelligence peaks when young (20’s) Then slowly declines

45
Q

Chrystallized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge, skills, and facts that we accumulate as we age. So gets better as we age.

46
Q

permissive parenting style

A

Laissez-Faire, anything goes type of parenting. No structure or limits- Safety could be an issue

47
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A

Inflexible, rigid and extreme power is in the parent. “My way or the highway” approach. Fosters anger, rebellion, avoidance, escape.

48
Q

authoritative parenting style

A

Parent is the boss, but they communicate regularly with child to discuss problems & situations. Listens to kids input. Best type of parenting style for development

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