Language and Thinking

Question 1

phonemes

Answer 1

sound that can distinguish one word from another
ex: the P and B in pat and bat

Question 2

morphemes

Answer 2

smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language
ex: “In” “come” “ing” in “incoming”

Question 3

syntax

Answer 3

arrangement of words in a well-formed sentence

Question 4

semantics

Answer 4

the study of meaning in language
ex: the way “destination” and “last stop” technically mean the same thing but studying what makes them different

Question 5

overextension

Answer 5

tendency to extend the use of a word beyond its specific meaning

Question 6

under-extension

Answer 6

incorrect restriction of a word

Question 7

telegraphic speech

Answer 7

two word sentences that is developed by toddlers at a young age
ex: “i hungry”, “kitty sleeping”

Question 8

overregularization

Answer 8

grammatical errors that start in early ages

Question 9

behaviorist theory (skinner)

Answer 9

explains that a person’s environment is crucial to how they behave

Question 10

nativist theory of language (chomsky)

Answer 10

idea that humans have an inbuilt capacity to acquire language

Question 11

language acquisition device

Answer 11

hypothetical module of the human mind

Question 12

whorf’s theory of linguistic relativity

Answer 12

particular language one speaks influences the way they think

Question 13

functional fixedness

Answer 13

not being able to think of using an object for something besides its original purpose

Question 14

mental set

Answer 14

only using solutions that have been successful in the past

Question 15

trial and error

Answer 15

randomly trying solutions and trying again if it fails

Question 16

algorithm

Answer 16

step by step process that guarantees a solution
ex: a formula

Question 17

heuristic

Answer 17

mental shortcut, rule of thumb, stereotype

Question 18

availability heuristic

Answer 18

making judgements based on how recent it is in our mind

Question 19

representative heuristic

Answer 19

making decisions based on how well the thing matches our prototype

Question 20

conjunction fallacy

Answer 20

error in decision making where people judge that a conjunction of 2 possibilities is more likely than 1 or more conjucts

Question 21

gambler’s fallacy

Answer 21

mistaken belief about sequences of random events

Question 22

confirmation bias

Answer 22

only seeking information that supports your beliefs and disregarding other contradicting information

Question 23

framing

Answer 23

the way data is presented after decision making

Question 24

belief perseverance

Answer 24

people hold onto their beliefs even when you show them evidence that disproves it

Question 25

incubation effect

Answer 25

tendency to arrive at a solution after a period of time away from the problem

Question 26

insight

Answer 26

sudden realization of the solution to a problem

Question 27

divergent thinking

Answer 27

thinking of more than one way of something

Question 28

convergent thinking

Answer 28

thinking of only one way of something

Question 29

tolman’s study on latent learning

Answer 29

learning that is not readily apparent until reinforcement is received

Question 30

apply latent learning to humans

Answer 30

not raising your hand until the teacher says it’s for extra credit

Question 31

rescorola’s study signal relations/contingency theory

Answer 31

response is better when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is closer together