Language and Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

phonemes

A

sound that can distinguish one word from another
ex: the P and B in pat and bat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

morphemes

A

smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language
ex: “In” “come” “ing” in “incoming”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

syntax

A

arrangement of words in a well-formed sentence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

semantics

A

the study of meaning in language
ex: the way “destination” and “last stop” technically mean the same thing but studying what makes them different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

overextension

A

tendency to extend the use of a word beyond its specific meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

under-extension

A

incorrect restriction of a word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

telegraphic speech

A

two word sentences that is developed by toddlers at a young age
ex: “i hungry”, “kitty sleeping”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

overregularization

A

grammatical errors that start in early ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

behaviorist theory (skinner)

A

explains that a person’s environment is crucial to how they behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nativist theory of language (chomsky)

A

idea that humans have an inbuilt capacity to acquire language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

language acquisition device

A

hypothetical module of the human mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

whorf’s theory of linguistic relativity

A

particular language one speaks influences the way they think

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

functional fixedness

A

not being able to think of using an object for something besides its original purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mental set

A

only using solutions that have been successful in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

trial and error

A

randomly trying solutions and trying again if it fails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

algorithm

A

step by step process that guarantees a solution
ex: a formula

17
Q

heuristic

A

mental shortcut, rule of thumb, stereotype

18
Q

availability heuristic

A

making judgements based on how recent it is in our mind

19
Q

representative heuristic

A

making decisions based on how well the thing matches our prototype

20
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

error in decision making where people judge that a conjunction of 2 possibilities is more likely than 1 or more conjucts

21
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

mistaken belief about sequences of random events

22
Q

confirmation bias

A

only seeking information that supports your beliefs and disregarding other contradicting information

23
Q

framing

A

the way data is presented after decision making

24
Q

belief perseverance

A

people hold onto their beliefs even when you show them evidence that disproves it

25
incubation effect
tendency to arrive at a solution after a period of time away from the problem
26
insight
sudden realization of the solution to a problem
27
divergent thinking
thinking of more than one way of something
28
convergent thinking
thinking of only one way of something
29
tolman's study on latent learning
learning that is not readily apparent until reinforcement is received
30
apply latent learning to humans
not raising your hand until the teacher says it's for extra credit
31
rescorola's study signal relations/contingency theory
response is better when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is closer together