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neuroscience > The Basal Ganglia and Movement Disorders > Flashcards

The Basal Ganglia and Movement Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus

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2
Q

What are the primary division of the striatium?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the Dorsal striatum?

A

Caudate and putamen

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the ventral striatum?

A

Nucleus abducens, septum pallucidem and olfactory

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5
Q

What are teh primary divisions of the globus pallidus?

A

External and internal

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6
Q

What are the divisions of the internal globus pallidus?

A

Outer portion and inner portion

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7
Q

What are teh priary divisions of the substantia nigra?

A

Pars compacta and Pars reticulata

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8
Q

What is the secondary division of teh pars reticulata?

A

Parslateralis

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9
Q

What is the most common neuron in the basal ganglia?

A

Medium spiny neurons form most of the connections that exist in the basal ganglia

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10
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

They are a set of input and output structures

Input= receive direct projections from the cerebral cortex

Output= project back to the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

What circuit does the basal ganglia participate in?

A

Cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit

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12
Q

What is the basic circuit of the Cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit?

A

Cortex —> input (striatum) —> output (pallidum) —-> thalamus —-> cortex

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13
Q

What are the 4 loops in the Cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit?

A

Motor, oculomotor, prefrontal and limbic

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14
Q

True/ False: The basal ganglia are involved in “habit learning”

A

True

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15
Q

What neurons in the basal ganglia are most involved in habit learning?

A

Tonically active neurons

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16
Q

What are tonically active neurons?

A

Giant cholinergic interneurons

17
Q

What type of cells do tonically active neurons act on?

A

Mediam spinal neurons (and they help shape the activity of these neurons

18
Q

How are Ach release and dopamine related?

A

Ach release helps stimulate dopamine release

19
Q

Regarding the basal ganglia….which types of cells have Dopamine receptors?

A

medium spinal neurons

20
Q

Regarding the basal ganglia, what cells release Ach?

A

Tonically active Neurons)

21
Q

What are two forms of dyskinesia (general)

A

Hyperkenetic dyskinesia

Hypokinetic dyskinesia

22
Q

What is Hyperkenetic dyskinesia?

A

an increase of movement due to low levels of BG output (too little break action)

23
Q

What pathological condition is associated with Hyperkenetic dyskinesia?

A

Huntington’s Dosease, chorea and Sydenham’s Chorea

24
Q

What is Hypokinetic dyskinesia?

A

a decrease of movement due to high levels of BG output (too much break action)

25
Q

What pathological condition is associated with Hypokinetic dyskinesia?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

26
Q

What is Sydenham’s Chorea?

A

An autoimmune reaction to childhood infection with Group A stretococcus infection

27
Q

What part of the basal ganglia does Sydenham’s Chorea usually effect?

A

Striatum

28
Q

What is huntington’s disease classified by?

A

Rare autosomal dominant disorder with progressive dementia and choriform movements

29
Q

In huntington’s which basal ganglia pathway is knocked out? Direct? Indirect?

A

Indirect (so there basal ganglia has no break system)

30
Q

What is characteristic of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Difficulty initiating movement, slowing and diminished ROM tremor at rest. slow, shuffling gait

31
Q

What neurotransmitter is reduced in parkinson’s disease? And what is the result of this loss?

A

Dopamine (receptros lost too D1 and D2)

Leads to a hyperactive break

32
Q

What pathway is knocked out in parkinson’s disease? Direct? Indirect?

A

Direct

33
Q

How is huntington’s treated?

A

Block the direct pathway via antidopinergic and dopamine depleting grugs

34
Q

What is a side effect of long term treatment for Huntington’s disease?

A

Tardive dyskinesia

35
Q

How is parkinson’s treated?

A

L-DOPA (short term), Dopamimetics (longer acting), MAO-B/ COMT inhibitors, anti cholinergics

surgical treatment (to cut the break)

deep brain stimulation

stem cells(but can’t regulate dopamine well)

36
Q

What is the side effects of L-DOPA?

A

Dyskinesia and hallucination

37
Q

After a while, treatment for parkinson’s can mimic…

A

a Huntington’s patient

neuroscience (33 decks)

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