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neuroscience > Cortical Control of Movement (21) > Flashcards

Cortical Control of Movement (21) Flashcards

1
Q

UMNs in the cerebral cortex control what?

A

LMNs in the lateral ventral horn contralaterally

distal muscles

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2
Q

UMNs in the brainstem control what?

A

LMNs in the medial ventral horn contralaterally
(axial muscles)

LMNs in medial ventral horn and lateral ventral horn ipsilaterally
(axial and distal muscles)

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3
Q

Long distance local circuitry neurons interconnect what?

A

neurons that control axial muscles

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4
Q

Short distance local circuitry neurons control what?

A

motor nuclei to limb muscles

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5
Q

What does the fact that there are more direct and indirect terminations on the ventral horn motor neurons in some species over others?

A

more connections = more dexterity

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6
Q

What is the tecto-spinal tract involved with?

A

axial and midline body orientation

-auditory/visual cues

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7
Q

What is the cortico-rubro-spinal tract involved with?

A

distal control - mainly arm flexion

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8
Q

What is the cortico-reticulo-spinal tract involved with?

A

axial and proximal reflexes

-CPG

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9
Q

What is the cortico-vestibulo-spinal tract involved with?

A

axial and proximal reflexes

-anti-gravity muscles

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10
Q

What the three top areas that neurons from the cortex come from which innervate motor neurons?

A

M1>secondary motor area > cingulate motor area

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11
Q

Where are the most Betz cells found?

A

primary motor cortex

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12
Q

What are the 5 requirements to be a cortical motor area?

A
  1. projects to motor neurons in spinal cord
  2. projects to primary motor cortex
  3. Betz cells
  4. stimulated at low levels –> movement of discrete muscles
  5. changes in activity related to parameters of movement
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13
Q

What are the main cortical motor areas?

A
  1. primary motor cortex
  2. Premotor cortex
    Lateral - dorsal and ventral
    Medial - SMA, CMA
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14
Q

What are the motor association areas?

A
  1. Pre-SMA
  2. parietal & temporal cortex:
    dorsal and ventral pathways
  3. prefrontal cortex
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15
Q

What do the corticobulbar tracts control?

A

facial muscles

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16
Q

What is the result of an UMN lesion of the face?

A

weakness of inferior facial muscles contralaterally

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17
Q

What is the result of a LMN lesion of the face?

A

weakness of the entire face ipsilaterally

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18
Q

What does convergence mean when referring to cortical control of movement?

A

individual muscles are represented in many locations - outputs converge

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19
Q

What does divergence mean when referring to cortical control of movement?

A

corticalspinal neurons influence multiple neuron pools or different muscles

—synergists usually

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20
Q

If an epileptic surgical resection is too risky what other surgical procedure can you perform?

A

sub-pial incisions

-preserves motor function

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21
Q

An UMN likely contacts how many pools of LMNs? How many neurons with in these pools?

A

2-3 - both agonists and antagonists

-all the neurons within each pool

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22
Q

Do more motor neurons change firing properties or only fire in response to certain directions of movement?

A

most motor neurons respond only to certain movement - very predictable

23
Q

What is the function of the lateral premotor cortex?

A

selection of motor responses based on sensory input

24
Q

What is the function of the medial premotor cortex?

A

SMA and CMA - execute learned sequences

25
Q

What is the function of the Pre - SMA?

A

learning of sequences

26
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

decision for action and working memory

27
Q

In addition to stretch and pain, many muscle fibers are sensitive to what?

A

vibration

28
Q

UMNs in the brainstem control what?

A

LMNs in the medial ventral horn contralaterally
(axial muscles)

LMNs in medial ventral horn and lateral ventral horn ipsilaterally
(axial and distal muscles)

29
Q

Long distance local circuitry neurons interconnect what?

A

neurons that control axial muscles

30
Q

Short distance local circuitry neurons control what?

A

motor nuclei to limb muscles

31
Q

What does the fact that there are more direct and indirect terminations on the ventral horn motor neurons in some species over others?

A

more connections = more dexterity

32
Q

What is the tecto-spinal tract involved with?

A

axial and midline body orientation

-auditory/visual cues

33
Q

What is the cortico-rubro-spinal tract involved with?

A

distal control - mainly arm flexion

34
Q

What is the cortico-reticulo-spinal tract involved with?

A

axial and proximal reflexes

-CPG

35
Q

What is the cortico-vestibulo-spinal tract involved with?

A

axial and proximal reflexes

-anti-gravity muscles

36
Q

What the three top areas that neurons from the cortex come from which innervate motor neurons?

A

M1>secondary motor area > cingulate motor area

37
Q

Where are the most Betz cells found?

A

primary motor cortex

38
Q

What are the 5 requirements to be a cortical motor area?

A
  1. projects to motor neurons in spinal cord
  2. projects to primary motor cortex
  3. Betz cells
  4. stimulated at low levels –> movement of discrete muscles
  5. changes in activity related to parameters of movement
39
Q

What are the main cortical motor areas?

A
  1. primary motor cortex
  2. Premotor cortex
    Lateral - dorsal and ventral
    Medial - SMA, CMA
40
Q

What are the motor association areas?

A
  1. Pre-SMA
  2. parietal & temporal cortex:
    dorsal and ventral pathways
  3. prefrontal cortex
41
Q

What do the corticobulbar tracts control?

A

facial muscles

42
Q

What is the result of an UMN lesion of the face?

A

weakness of inferior facial muscles contralaterally

43
Q

What is the result of a LMN lesion of the face?

A

weakness of the entire face contralaterally

44
Q

What does convergence mean when referring to cortical control of movement?

A

individual muscles are represented in many locations - outputs converge

45
Q

What does divergence mean when referring to cortical control of movement?

A

corticalspinal neurons influence multiple neuron pools or different muscles

—synergists usually

46
Q

If an epileptic surgical resection is too risky what other surgical procedure can you perform?

A

sub-pial incisions

-preserves motor function

47
Q

An UMN likely contacts how many pools of LMNs? How many neurons with in these pools?

A

2-3 - both agonists and antagonists

-all the neurons within each pool

48
Q

Do more motor neurons change firing properties or only fire in response to certain directions of movement?

A

most motor neurons respond only to certain movement - very predictable

49
Q

What is the function of the lateral premotor cortex?

A

selection of motor responses based on sensory input

50
Q

What is the function of the medial premotor cortex?

A

SMA and CMA - execute learned sequences

51
Q

What is the function of the Pre - SMA?

A

learning of sequences

52
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

decision for action and working memory

53
Q

In addition to stretch and pain, many muscle fibers are sensitive to what?

A

vibration

neuroscience (33 decks)

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