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neuroscience > CNS Neurotransmitters (5) > Flashcards

CNS Neurotransmitters (5) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the precursor for acetylcholine?

A

acetyl coA + choline

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2
Q

What type of receptors does acetylcholine have?

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

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3
Q

What is the function of acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system?

A

It is a neurotransmitter at NMJs

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4
Q

What is the precursor for glutamate?

A

Glutamine

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5
Q

Can glutamate cross the blood brain barrier?

A

no, but glutamine can

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6
Q

What type of receptors does glutamate have?

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic

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7
Q

What is the function of glutamate?

A

It is a major excitatory transmitter in the brain

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8
Q

What is the precursor of GABA?

A

Glutamic acid

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9
Q

What type of receptors does GABA bind to?

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic

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10
Q

Which of these neurotransmitters is removed from the synaptic cleft by an enzyme and NOT by reuptake into terminal and glia?

  • Ach
  • Glu
  • GABA
  • Gly
  • Dopamine
  • NE
  • Serotonin
A

ACh - acetylcholinesterase

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11
Q

What is the function of GABA?

A

Major inhibitory transmitter in brain

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12
Q

What is the precursor of glycine?

A

Serine

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13
Q

What type of receptors does glycine bind to?

A

Ionotropic

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14
Q

What is the function of glycine?

A

Major inhibitory transmitter in spinal cord

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15
Q

What is the precursor for dopamine?

A

Tyrosine

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16
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are dopamine and NE?

A

Catecholamines

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17
Q

What type of receptors does dopamine bind to?

A

Metabotropic

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18
Q

What is the function of dopamine?

A

Coordination of body movements
motivation, reward, reinforcement
emotional behavior

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19
Q

What is the precursor for NE?

A

Tyrosine

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20
Q

What type of receptors does NE bind to?

A

Metabotropic

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21
Q

What is the function of NE in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: sleep, wakefulness, attention, feeding behavior

PNS: sympathetic motor system

22
Q

What is the precursor for serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

23
Q

What type of receptors does serotonin bind to ?

A

Metabotropic and ionotropic (minor)

24
Q

What is the function of serotonin?

A

Regulation of sleep, eating

wakefulness and arousal

25
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

Autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are produced to nicotinic ACh receptors

26
Q

What are the precursors for neuropeptides?

A

Amino acids in the ER

27
Q

What type of receptors do neuropeptides bind to?

A

metabotropic

28
Q

How are neuropeptides removed from synaptic cleft?

A

Peptidases

29
Q

What is the function of neuropeptides?

A

Modulate emotions
perception of pain
response to stress

30
Q

Which type of neurotransmitters can respond to increased demand: small molecule or neuropeptides?

A

Small molecules since they are made in the nerve terminal

31
Q

What does sarin gas do?

A

It blocks acetylcholinesterase causing spastic paralysis due to continued depolarization

32
Q

What are atropine and scopolamine and what are they used to treat for?

A

both are antagonists of Ach
atropine - pupil dilation
scopolamine - motion sickness

33
Q

With which neurotransmitter can exictotoxicity occur and what is this?

A

Glutamate

  • high extracellular concentrations toxic to neurons
  • though to occur in strokes
  • O2 deprivation slows reuptake
34
Q

Name three ionotropic receptors that glutamate can bind to?

A

NDMA, AMPA, Kainate

35
Q

What is special about the NMDA receptor?

A

ca2+ can pass in addition to Na+
ion flow is voltage dependent - mg2+ binding
depolarization needs to occur for Mg2+ to move

36
Q

What can result from decreased GABA function?

A

Epilepsy

37
Q

What are the symptoms of the neonatal disease in which there is excess synaptic glycine due to defects in the glycine transporter?

A

lethargy and mental retardation

38
Q

What is benzodazepines?

A

valium is an example

  • used as tranquilizers
  • agonists of GABA
39
Q

What is strynchine?

A

Glycine receptor antagonist - blocks
overreactivity in spinal cord and brainstem –> seizures

used to poison rodents

40
Q

What type of ions do GABA and Glycine receptors permit?

A

Cl-

41
Q

What are barbituates?

A

GABA receptor agonists used as anesthetics to treat epilepsy

42
Q

What are GABA reuptake inhibitors used for?

A

Treat anxiety and panic disorders

43
Q

How does the expression of biogenic amines compare with the expression of glutamate and GABA?

A

GABA and glutamate are ubiquitously synthesized
their receptors are widely expressed

Biogenic amines are limited in synthesis
their receptors are broadly expressed
allows for controlled specific signals

44
Q

Where is 80% of dopamine found in the brain?

A

In the corpus striatum

caudate and putamen

45
Q

What is involved in parkinson’s disease? How can it be treated?

A

the neurons which project from substantia nigra to striatum degenerate and dopamine is not sufficiently released

can be treated with dopamine precursor - LDOPA

46
Q

What are antagonists of dopamine in the medulla used to treat?

A

anti-emetics used to treat nausea and vomiting

47
Q

What is the effect of cocaine on neurotransmitter transporters?

A

It inhibits dopamine transporters leading to a net increase in release of dopamine

-addiction

48
Q

What is the effect of amphetamines on neurotransmitter transporters?

A

They inhibit both dopamine and NE transporters leading to a net increase of both neurotransmitters

49
Q

Where are most the neurons that use serotonin as a neurotransmitter located?

A

In raphe nuclei in the upper brainstem and project widely to the forebrain

50
Q

Name two types of anti-anxiety drugs

A
  1. MAO inhibitors - block breakdown of biogenic amines

2. inhibitors of serotonin receptors

51
Q

What do anti-psychotic drugs block?

A

Dopamine receptors

52
Q

Name the 3 classes of anti-depressants

A
  1. MAO inhibitors
  2. tricyclic - block reuptake of NE and serotonin
  3. serotonin reuptake inhibitors - prozac

neuroscience (33 decks)

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