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neuroscience > limbic system (16) > Flashcards

limbic system (16) Flashcards

1
Q

what are two good things that Papez figured out about the limbic system? what was his error?

A
  1. . Limbic system is involved in emotion
  2. Papez circuit describes the anatomy of the limbic circuit
    - he was anatomically correct, but the components he identified only play a minor role in emotion
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2
Q

Explain the Kluver-Bucy experiment

A

Removed temporal lobes of an aggressive rhesus monkey

o Monkey became docile, over ate, ate inappropriate items, hyperoral, hypersexual

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3
Q

what were the conclusions of the Kluver Bucy experiement

A

Originally thought- that this was a confirmation of the Papez circuit, but later realized that emotions could be recapitulated by removing/damaging the amygdala is not a component of the papez circuit

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4
Q

list the 7 main limbic system components & downstream targets

A
  • anterior & mid cingulate cortex
  • amygdala
  • hypothalamus
  • periaqueductal gray (PAG)
  • autonomic nervous system
  • dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)
  • Locus coerules (LC)
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5
Q

what is the function of the ACC?

A
  • recode the amygdala to gauge your emotional response
  • involved in AFFECT
  • stores long term emotional memories & operates thro the nervous system
  • its ventral part: sadness
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6
Q

what is the function of the MCC?

A
  • predict outcomes & resolve ambiguity
  • motivational behaviors & response selection
  • Its anterior part is active during fear & operates through its spinal projections to the skeletal motor system
  • resolves conflict
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7
Q

what is the function of the amygdala?

A

invests sensory experience with emotion

main component in fear

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8
Q

what is urbach-wiethe disease?

A

calcification of the amygdala

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9
Q

what patient did the urbach-weieth disease happen to? what was the result?

A
  • patient S.M. without the amygdala- inability to recognize & experience fear
  • Lead to excessive risk taking, odd relations & financial decisions
  • Tells you: amygdala is highly involved in fear!
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10
Q

what was the importance of the discovery found in the LeDoux lab?
hint: it had to do with the foot shock associated with a tone

A
  • Condition fear response
  • if you cut the auditory cortex off from the amygdala (which you would think would stop the response of being scared of the tone) you still got the fear response!
  • This is because the amygdala gets a DIRECT input from the thalamus (without cortical processing) and thereby dominating the initial primary response to fear.
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11
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

autonomic/hormonal control

our experience with fear

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12
Q

what is the function of the periaqueductal gray (PAG)?

A

coordinates behaviors: autonomic/skeletal

regulates ANS

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13
Q

where does the PAG project to?

A

nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and intermediolateral nucleus

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14
Q

what is the function of the ANS in the limbic system?

A

skeletal motor output & memory enhancement

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15
Q

what is the function of the locus coeruleus (LC)

A

coordinates responses

enhances storage of emo memories

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16
Q

what is the function of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)?

A

regulates mood

regulates secretion of serotonin & norepi

17
Q

what are the two types of emotions?

A

primary & secondary

18
Q

describe primary emotions. give an example. what structures are involved in primary emotion?

A
  • “reflexive” (implicit). Linked with autonomic reflexes
  • structures involved: amygdala, hypothalamus, PAG
  • ex. fear
19
Q

describe secondary emotions. what structures are involved in primary emotion?

A
  • conscious emotions. Object & context dependent
  • evaluating your emotional response
  • structures involved: cortical limbic structures
20
Q

where is the location of the PAG?

A

surrounds the aqueduct in the midbrain between 3rd and 4th ventricles

21
Q

does PAG have the ability to do some memory of emotional responses?

A

heck no

22
Q

when can “SHAM” rage occur?

A

when there has been a stroke/tumor in the hypothalamus/PAG

23
Q

what is “SHAM” rage?

A
  • Fully integrate rage without external control: primary emotion
  • Ex. A fly on the nose & excess rage
  • tells you the need for hierarchical system to coordinate behavior outputs according to the internal needs & external cortex of the organism
24
Q

what are the effects of cortisol binding to glucocorticoid?

A
  • Increase glucose levels & metabolism
  • Increase AA metabolism
  • Increase fat breakdown
  • Increase memory
25
Q

where does the MCC project to?

A

striatum, red nucleus, pontine nuclei (cerebellum) and cranial nerve motor nuclei for somatomotor driving of alpha motor neuron

26
Q

is the PCC involved in emotion?

A

no

27
Q

which area is especially and selectively vulnerable to emotional diseases such as depression?

A

the perigenual region (the genu around the corpus callosum)

28
Q

which area is saddness & remembering sad events most prominently?

A

the ACC

29
Q

in which cingulate cortex is happiness primarly found?

A

in the rostral part of the ACC

30
Q

what is the response of electrically stimulating the MCC?

A
  • it evokes complex skeletomotor response adapted to context
  • Typically emotional relevant motor outputs (ie. Kissing)
  • This is different from simple motor outputs that only involve stimulation of motor cortex
31
Q

which of the cingulate gyri is considered the “facial region”

A

the anterior cingulate cortex

32
Q

where does the facial region project to?

A

to the facial motor nucleus (muscles of facial expression) so you can make those ugly crying faces

33
Q

what structures is considered the “key upstream & downstream coordinator of the limbic system”?

A

the locus coeruleus

34
Q

who does the LC have reciprocal connections with to drive emotional memory formation?

A

the amygdala & limbic cortex

35
Q

where is the LC located?

A

in the tegmentum of the metencephalon

36
Q

what were “normal” people with short 5HT transporter allele found to have?

A
  • you will have reduced functional interaction of ACC & amygdala, so they will be shrunken
  • patients with this genetic modification (s5HTT) results in lower levels of transporter transcription and reduced 5HT uptake
  • these patients have higher risk for developing depression and have shrunken ACC and amygdala
37
Q

what is considered one of the most effective treatment options for depression?

A

SSRIs

38
Q

where is the dorsal raphe nuclei located?

A

in the midbrain

39
Q

explain why it takes about a month for the SSRIs to become effective?

A
  • initially the 5HT levels are increased both at the level of the DRN and ACC
  • these elevated levels cause DRN neurons to decrease their 5HT release in the ACC→therefore no net effect in the ACC
  • but over time→ the autoreceptors are internalized & decreased therefore ultimately giving the rise to higher levels of 5HT in the ACC

neuroscience (33 decks)

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