thanatochemistry general stuff

Question 1

examples of physical properties

Answer 1

• things that can be observed
• state
• solubility
• color
• density
• odor
• taste
• conductivity

Question 2

what is constantly in motion

Answer 2

atoms

Question 3

what is the movement of atoms called

Answer 3

heat

Question 4

the ___ the temperature, the ___ the atoms vibrate

Answer 4

higher and faster

Question 5

the atoms that make up gas have

Answer 5

very little cohesion

Question 6

examples of chemical properties

Answer 6

• one materials ability to react with other atoms to produce new material
• flammability
• coagulation
• decomposition
• reactivity with formaldehyde
• neutralization

Question 7

protons

Answer 7

• positive charge
• in nucleus
• give the atoms its atomic #

Question 8

neutrons

Answer 8

• no charge/neutral
• in nucleus
• equal amount as protons except with isotopes

Question 9

electrons

Answer 9

• negative charge
• in orbitals
• same # as protons

Question 10

protons and electrons have a mass of

Answer 10

1 amu (atomic mass unit)

Question 11

you get the atomic mass of an atom by

Answer 11

adding protons and neutrons

Question 12

substances composed of one type of atoms are

Answer 12

elements

Question 13

groups are ___ in the periodic table

Answer 13

columns

Question 14

periods are ___ in the periodic table

Answer 14

rows

Question 15

alkali metals are in …

Answer 15

group 1

Question 16

alkaline metals are in …

Answer 16

group 2

Question 17

halogens are in …

Answer 17

group 7

Question 18

noble gases are in …

Answer 18

group 8

Question 19

what is a mixture

Answer 19

combination of 2 or more substances not chemically united and in no definite proportion by mass

Question 20

colloidal solutes can ___ but not ___

Answer 20

can pass through man made filters but not through membranes like capillaries

Question 21

explain how osmosis is used in embalming with fluids

Answer 21

your arterial solution should be hypertonic (high solute/low solvent) so that when it enters the vascular system and gets to the capillaries it can, by osmosis, draw in the extra moisture in the tissues since its hypotonic (low solute/high solvent) into the capillaries while the dissolved solutes can pass out into the tissues

Question 22

what is responsible for acidity

Answer 22

H+ (a single proton)

Question 23

ex. if a sample of water has a concentration of 10^-7 what is its pH

Answer 23

pH = 7

Question 24

what is the typical pH of human remains

Answer 24

7.35- 7.45

Question 25

which is stronger inorganic acids or organic acids

Answer 25

inorganic acids

Question 26

whats the organic base of interest to embalmers

Answer 26

ammonia / NH3

Question 27

when a molecule only contains carbon and hydrogen its called

Answer 27

hydrocarbon

Question 28

difference between alkane, alkene, and alkyne

Answer 28

- alkane = when the carbons in a hydrocarbon chain are only single bonded together - alkene = when the carbons are double bonded - alkyne = when the carbons are triple bonded

Question 29

the first step in the oxidation series of an alkane is

Answer 29

alcohol

Question 30

when alcohol is oxidized it will form

Answer 30

an aldehyde

Question 31

ketones are good for

Answer 31

good solvent for removing grease, oil, paint, and cosmetic stains

Question 32

when an aldehyde goes through oxidation

Answer 32

an organic acid

Question 33

organic acids can also be called

Answer 33

carboxylic acids

Question 34

what is the functional group of a carboxyl group

Answer 34

-COOH

Question 35

whats the end of the alkane oxidation series

Answer 35

CO2 + H2O

Question 36

what is an organic molecule that does not contain carbon

Answer 36

ammonia

Question 37

amino acids are

Answer 37

amphoteric

Question 38

how does a peptide bond form

Answer 38

when the acid end of one amino acid bonds with the base end of another amino acid

Question 39

when a molecule is composed of less than 50 peptide bonds its considered

Answer 39

polypeptide

Question 40

the name of an enzyme comes from

Answer 40

whatever material it acts upon with the suffix "ase" - ex. lactase

Question 41

proteins are responsible for what

Answer 41

the structure, regulation, and function of the body

Question 42

examples of proteins in the body

Answer 42

- albumin - hemoglobin - enzymes

Question 43

how does formaldehyde (HCHO) act on proteins in the body to preserve tissues

Answer 43

HCHO coagulate proteins by cross linking between their adjacent peptide bonds, and one molecule is produced with each cross link. this cross linking temporarily slows decomposition

Question 44

degradation of peptide bonds in decomposing bodies is the source of

Answer 44

ammonia

Question 45

embalming occurs best at what pH

Answer 45

7.4

Question 46

in death the body goes through what pHs

Answer 46

lightly basic to acidic and back to basic

Question 47

how is formaldehyde produced

Answer 47

its a single carbon aldehyde produced by oxidation of methanol (the single carbon alcohol)

Question 48

formaldehyde is also called

Answer 48

methanal and formalin

Question 49

HCHO is what state at room temperature

Answer 49

gas

Question 50

the saturated solution of HCHO in water is

Answer 50

formalin

Question 51

what is the index of formalin

Answer 51

37

Question 52

the solid form of formalin is

Answer 52

paraformaldehyde

Question 53

what is glutaraldehyde

Answer 53

- 5 carbon dialdehyde - function group -CHO - is liquid at room temperature - destroys bacterial spores

Question 54

what causes a jaundice body to turn from yellow to green when injected with formaldehyde

Answer 54

the bilirubin turns to biliverdin

Question 55

phenol is

Answer 55

- simplest alcohol of the aromatic (ring structure) called benzene - product of coal formation - great disinfectant for surfaces and tissues - good for bleaching

Question 56

jaundice fluid is made up of

Answer 56

either low amount of HCHO or glutaraldehyde or methanol

Question 57

supplemental fluids do...

Answer 57

- anything besides preservation - rinse out thick blood - adjust pH - add moisture - identify poor distribution - open circulation - flush out vascular system - make cells receptive to formaldehyde

Question 58

examples of humectants

Answer 58

- ethylene glycol - glycerin - sorbitol - lanolin

Question 59

examples of dyes

Answer 59

- eosine - erythrosine - ponceau red - amaranth

Question 60

examples of buffers

Answer 60

citric acid/sodium citrate and boric acid/sodium borate

Question 61

what is a chelating agent

Answer 61

EDTA, it holds ions in its 'claws'

Question 62

presence of ___ in the blood may contribute to postmortem clotting

Answer 62

calcium ions

Question 63

the most common surfactant used in embalming

Answer 63

sodium lauryl sulfate

Question 64

how does a surfactant work

Answer 64

they "dilute" the water slightly so the water molecules are farther from each other and exert a less attractive force on each other

Question 65

examples of accessory chemicals

Answer 65

- adhesives - pore closers - cosmetics - absorbent powders - preservative powders - bleaches - cauterants - surface disinfectants