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Child Health 2020 > Textbook Notes > Flashcards

Textbook Notes Flashcards

1
Q

what is exomphalos?

A

herniation of abdominal contents through umbilicus

covered by membrane

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2
Q

what is gastroschisis?

A

herniation of abdominal wall defect to the right of the umbilicus
not covered with membrane

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3
Q

management of gastroschisis

A

cover with clingfilm due to fluid loss
NGT
IV fluids
surgery

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4
Q

what is oesophageal atresia associated with?

A

trachea-oesphageal fistula

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5
Q

presentation of oesophageal atresia

A

polyhydramnios (foetus unable to swallow amniotic fluid)
excess oral secretions
aspiration
regurgitation

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6
Q

diagnosis of oesophageal atresia

A

CXR shows NG tube curled up and unable to pass into the stomach

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7
Q

management of oesophageal atresia

A

surgical repair

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8
Q

what are congenital infections?

A

those that are obtained antenatally/ perinatally

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9
Q

what are the TORCH infections?

A 
toxoplasmosis
others= HBV, syphilis, varicella zoster, HIV, parvovirus B19
rubella
CMV
HSV
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10
Q

what is malrotation?

A

mobile midgut with short mesentery causing twisting due to failure of midgut rotation during embryogenesis

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11
Q

presentation of malrotation

A

bile-stained vomit
GORD
abdo pain

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12
Q

diagnosis of malrotation

A

contrast study

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13
Q

management of malrotation

A

surgery

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14
Q

risks in malrotation

A

volvulus

bowel obstruction

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15
Q

what is a neuroblastoma?

A

neuroendocrine tumour arising from the sympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

what is fragile X?

A

a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder (X-linked recessive)

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17
Q

presentation of fragile X

A

learning difficulties
low IQ
prominent ears
enlarged testicles

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18
Q

what should all children <3 months with a fever have?

A

immediate prophylactic IV antibiotics (ceftriaxone) and full septic screen

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19
Q

what is orchidopexy?

A

surgical correction of undescended testes

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20
Q

what is hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

neonatal brain injury secondary to prenatal, perinatal or postnatal asphyxia

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21
Q

presentation of HIE

A

poor APGAR
lethargy
reduced tone
seizures

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22
Q

diagnosis of HIE

A

CFM
EEG
MRI brain

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23
Q

grading of HIE

A

Sarnat staging

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24
Q

management of HIE

A

therapeutic hypothermia (33-34 degrees measured via rectal probe for 72 hours)

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25
Q

how much weight is acceptable to lose in the first 5 days of life?

A

10% and be back to birth weight by 10 days

26
Q

management of Hep C in children >3

A

pegylated interferon and ribavirin

27
Q

what is tongue tie/ankyloglossia?

A

short lingual frenulum so unable to extend tongue out of the mouth leading to poor attachment for breast feeding

28
Q

management of tongue tie/ ankyloglossia

A

frenotomy

29
Q

what is the genetic configuration of androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

46XY

30
Q

presentation of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A 
primary amenorrhoea
undescended testes (groin swelling)
female phenotype
31
Q

management of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A 
bilateral orchidectomy due to testicular cancer risk
oestrogen therapy (raise as a female)
32
Q

grading of vesicoureteral reflux

A
  • I= reflux into ureter only, no dilatation
  • II= reflux into renal pelvis on micturition, no dilatation
  • III= mild/mod dilatation of ureter, renal pelvis and calyces
  • IV= dilation of renal pelvis and calyces with moderate ureteral tortuosity
  • V= gross dilation of ureter, pelvis and calyces with ureteral tortuosity
33
Q

perianal itching at night?

A

threadworm

34
Q

management of threadworm

A

mebendazole (+ whole household)

35
Q

what can NSAIDs in chickenpox cause?

A

necrotising fasciitis

36
Q

management of Perthes based on age?

A 
<6 = observation
>6 = surgery
37
Q

classification used for Perthes

A

Catterall staging

38
Q

Catterall staging for Perthes

A
  • Stage 1= clinical and histological features only
  • Stage 2= sclerosis with or without cystic change and preservation of articular surface
  • Stage 3= loss of structural integrity of femoral head
  • Stage 4= loss acetabular integrity
39
Q

enuresis management pathway

A

triggers/ advice on lifestyle, toileting
reward system
enuresis alarm
desmopressin

40
Q

triad in shaken baby syndrome

A

subdural haemorrhage
retinal haemorrhage
encephalopathy

41
Q

how can you suppress lactation?

A

cabergoline

42
Q

what can hand preference before 12 months indicate?

A

cerebral palsy

43
Q

diagnosis of DDH

A

clinical

if >4.5 years use XR

44
Q

when to refer undescended testes rather than watchful waiting?

A

> 3 months

45
Q

murmur in Turner’s syndrome?

A

ejection systolic due to bicuspid aortic valve + coarctation

46
Q

what are signs of childhood sexual abuse?

A

anal fissures

recurrent UTIs

47
Q

what can occur 5-10 years after measles infection?

A

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

48
Q

murmur in transposition of the great arteries?

A

loud single S2

49
Q

screening tests for hearing

A

otoacoustic emission test for new-borns at birth

if abnormal go to auditory brainstem response test

50
Q

measuring bilirubin in neonates

A

<24 hours old measure serum bilirubin

>24 hours old use transcutaneous bilirubinometer

51
Q

urine sample in UTI for children

A

clean catch

52
Q

why should rotavirus vaccine not be given late?

A

theoretical risk of intussusception

53
Q

meningitis causes based on age

A

<3 months= GBS, e. coli or listeria
1 month - 6 years= neiserria, strep pneumonia, H. influenza
>6 years= neisseria or strep pneumonia

54
Q

what is a RF for neonatal hypoglycaemia

A

mother on beta blockers e.g. labetalol used in hypertension

55
Q

management of neonatal hypoglycaemia

A

if asymptomatic encourage breast feeding

if symptomatic admit to NICU for IV infusion of 10% dextrose

56
Q

William’s syndrome

A

short, LD, extrovert friendly personality, hypercalcaemia, aortic stenosis

57
Q

cri du chat syndrome (5p chromosome)

A

characteristic cry
LD
feeding difficulties

58
Q

patau syndrome

A 
microephalic
small eyes
cleft lip
polydactyly
scalp lesions
59
Q

Edward’s syndrome

A

micrognathia
low set ears
rockerbottom feet
overlapping fingers

60
Q

fragile X

A 
LD
macroephaly
long face
large ears
macro-orchidism
61
Q

noonan syndrome

A

webbed neck
pectus excavatum
short stature
pulmonary stenosis

62
Q

Pierre-Robin syndrome

A

micrognathia
posterior displacement of the tongue
cleft palate

Child Health 2020 (22 decks)

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