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Ecology > Textbook - Chapter 5: Ecological Genetics > Flashcards

Textbook - Chapter 5: Ecological Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that produce organic material from inorganic chemicals and some source of energy

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2
Q

Assortive mating

A

When individuals choose mates nonrandomly with respect to their genotype, or more specifically, select mates based on some phenotypic trait

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3
Q

Allele frequency

A

The proportion of a given allele among all the alleles present at the locus in the population

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4
Q

Allele

A

One or two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupies the same relative position or locus on homologous chromosomes

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5
Q

Adaptive radiaiton

A

Evolution from a common ancestor of divergent forms adapted to distinct ways of life

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6
Q

Adaptation

A

A genetically determined characteristic (behavioral, morphological or physiological) that improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce under prevailing environmental conditions.

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7
Q

Acclimation

A

Reversible phenotypic changes in an individual organism in response to changing environmental conditions; a form of phenotypic plasticity

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8
Q

Codominance

A

Occurs when the physical expression of the heterozygous individual is indeterminate between those of the homozygotes. Each allele has specific proportional effect that it contributes to the phenotype

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9
Q

Cline

A

A measurable, gradual change over a geographic region in the average of some phenotypic character, such as size or coloration; or it can be a gradient in genotypic frequency

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

One of a group of threadlike structures of different lengths and sizes in the nuclei of cells of eukaryote organisms

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11
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

Differences in phenotypic traits for a given genotype under different environmental conditions that reflect differences in the allocation of biomass to different tissues (leaves, stem and roots) during the growth and development of the individual plant

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12
Q

Directional selection

A

Selection favoring individuals at one extreme of the phenotype in a population

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13
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Selection in which two extreme phenotypes in the population leave more offspring than the intermediate phenotype, which has lower fitness

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14
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that is expressed in either the homozygous or heterozygous state

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15
Q

Evolution

A

Change in gene frequency through time resulting from natural selection and producing cumulative changes in characteristics of a population

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16
Q

Ecotype

A

Subspecies or race adapted to a particular set of environmental conditions

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17
Q

Fitness

A

Genetic contribution by an individual’s descendants to future generations

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18
Q

Gene flow

A

Exchange of genetic material between populations

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19
Q

Geographic isolates

A

Groups of populations that are semi-isolated from one another by some extrinsic barrier; compare subspecies

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20
Q

Genotypic frequency

A

The proportion of various genotypes in a population; compare gene frequency

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21
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic constitution of an organism

22
Q

Genome

A

The collective term for all the DNA in a cell

23
Q

Gene

A

Unit material of inheritance; more specifically, a small unit of a DNA molecule, coded for a specific protein to produce one of the many attributes of a species

24
Q

Gene expression

A

The process of creating proteins through the genetic code in DNA

25
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random fluctuation in allele frequency over time, due to chance alone without any influence by natural selection; important in small populations

26
Q

Genetic differentiation

A

When genetic variation occurs among subpopulations of the same species

27
Q

Gene pool

A

The sum of all the genes of all individuals in a population

28
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

The proposition that genotypic ratios resulting from random mating remain unchanged from one generation to another, provided natural selection, genetic drift and mutation are absent

29
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that are unable to manufacture their own food from inorganic materials and thus rely on other organisms, living and dead, as a source of energy and nutrients

30
Q

Heterozygous

A

Containing two different alleles of a gene, one from each parent, at the corresponding loci of apair of chromosomes

31
Q

Homozygous

A

Containing two identical alleles of a gene at the corresponding loci of a pair of chromosomes

32
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

Detrimental effects of inbreeding

33
Q

Inbreeding

A

Mating among close relatives

34
Q

Locus

A

Site on a chromosome occupied by a specific gene

35
Q

Mutation

A

Transmissible changes in the structure of a gene or chromosome

36
Q

Natural selection

A

Differential success (reproduction and survival) of individuals that results in elimination of maladaptive traits from a population

37
Q

Negative assortative mating

A

Occurs when mates are phenotypically less similar to each other than expected by chance

38
Q

Norm of reaction

A

The set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range of environmental conditions

39
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of a characteristic of an organism, determined by both genetic constiution and environment

40
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

Ability to change form under different environmental conditions

41
Q

Positive assortative mating

A

Occurs when maters are phenotypically more similar to each other than expected by chance

42
Q

Primary producer

A

Green plant or chemosynthetic bacterium that converts light or chemical energy into organismal tissue

43
Q

Quantitative Trait

A

Phenotypic characteristics that have a continuous distribution

44
Q

Qualitative traits

A

Phenotypic characteristics that fall into a limited number of discrete categories

45
Q

Recessive allele

A

Applies to an allele whose phenotypic effect is expressed in the homozygous state and masked in the presence of an allele in organisms to heterozygous for that gene

46
Q

Subspecies

A

Geographical unit of a species population distinguishable by morphological behavioral or physiological characteristics

47
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Selection favoring the middle in the distribution of phenotypes

48
Q

Selective agent

A

The environmental cause of fitness differences among organisms with difference phenotypes

49
Q

Secondary producers

A

Organisms that derive energy from consuming plant of animal tissue and breaking down assimilated carbon compounds

50
Q

Target of selection

A

The phenotypic trait that natural selection acts directly upon

Ecology (27 decks)

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