Lab Questions Flashcards
Chemistry
The study of matter.
Matter
- Take up space and 2. have mass. (note: energy has mass)
Genome
Collective term for all the DNA in a cell.
Chromosomes
Humans have 23 pairs (having a total of 46).
Alleles
Alternatives in DNA (ex. siblings are not identical).
Phenotype
The physical manifestation of Alleles.
Genotype
Genetic constitution of an organism.
Heterozygous
Containing 2 different alleles of a gene, one from each parent, at the corresponding loci (location) of a pair of chromosomes. (ex. Ee; eE)
Homozygous
Containing 2 identical alleles of a gene at the corresponding loci (location) of a pair of chromosomes (ex. EE; ee). There is Homozygous Dominant and Recessive.
Punnet Square
a 4-square box chart used to determine alleles of offspring.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences that could disrupt the equilibrium.
Small Populations: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Small population size can cause a random change in allele frequencies. This is due to a sampling effect, and is called genetic drift. Sampling effects are most important when the allele is present in a small number of copies.
Migration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The movement of individuals between local populations, whereas gene flow is the movement of genes between populations.
Mutation: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation that natural selection acts upon. They are heritable changes in a gene or a chromosome.
Natural Selection: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Acts directly on phenotype. It causes allele frequencies to change, often quite rapidly. It could possibly lead to the loss of all alleles except the favored one.
Non-random Mating: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Alleles frequency consistency is based on random chance, so, as the name would suggest, non-random mating disrupts it.
Diffusion
Moving from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from a high concentration of water (low concentration of solute [hypotonic]) to a lower concentration of water (higher concentration of solute [hypertonic]).
Organic Substances
Anything that contains Carbon-Hydrogen bonds (ex. methane CH4).
Photosynthesis
A process in which light, carbon, and water are taken in by plants and other autotrophic organisms and used to produce glucose and oxygen.
(6CO2 + 6H2O –light–> C6H12O6 + 6O2)
Population
Any group of individuals of the same species living in the same place, at the same time.
Sample
A representing fraction of the population. (Sampling Error occurs when your sample does not properly represent the population).
Carrying Capacity
The number of individuals that the space they live on can support.
Benedict’s solution
Blue solution that test for ‘glucose’
Indicator: the blue color will turn red, orange, or brown when placed in a hot water bath for about 3 minutes.
Iodine
Tests for starch
Indicator: the yellow/brown solution will react with starch and turn dark blue or black; used to see production of starch on a leaf after photosynthesis
Sudan red stain
Test for lipids (which is found in oil)
Indicator: in the presence of lipids, Sudan red exhibits a characteristic red color reaction. It stains the oil and separates with it from the water in the experiment.
Biuret reagents
Test for proteins
Indicator: bluish color changes to violet/pink in the present of proteins
