Testing

Question 1

_________ Learning involves presenting examples to students and letting them work with the examples until they discover the interrelationships.

Answer 1

Discovery

Question 2

Discovery learning is an approach in which students apply _________ Reasoning to discover basic principles on their own.

Answer 2

Inductive

Question 3

Inductive reasoning is associated with Discovery learning and involves formulating general __________ based on knowledge of examples and details.

Answer 3

principles

In inductive reasoning, a student uses specific examples to formulate a general principle. For instance, if students are presented with enough examples of parallelograms, eventually they will discover the basic properties of parallelograms.

Question 4

Ideally, an __________ should do more than ascertain how much the students have already learned.

Answer 4

examination

It should be an opportunity for them to further their understanding by putting the course material into new contexts or patterns.

Question 5

There are essentially two kinds of questions: subjective _____ questions and objective or short-answer questions.

Answer 5

essay

Question 6

From one perspective, __________ in the class could be construed as preparation for the exams.

Answer 6

everything

Question 7

_______ is the appropriateness or correctness of inferences, decisions, or descriptions made about individuals, groups, or institutions from test results.

Answer 7

Validity

Question 8

There is no such thing as a ___________ valid test.

Answer 8

generically

Validity must be considered in terms of the correctness of a particular inference about test takers.

Question 9

___________ is the consistency of test scores over different test administrations, multiple raters, different test questions

Answer 9

Reliability

Question 10

Tests can be categorized into two major groups: norm-referenced tests and _________-referenced tests.

Answer 10

criterion

Question 11

A ____-referenced test is a test which measures a learner’s achievements against the standard established by a norm group.

Answer 11

norm

Question 12

Criterion Referenced Tests report how well students are doing relative to a pre-determined _____________ level on a specified set of educational goals or outcomes included in the school, district, or state curriculum.

Answer 12

performance

Question 13

A _____ is an arbitrarily established set of numbers used for measurement according to a rate or standard.

Answer 13

scale

In testing, a scale is a way to report test scores. For example, student grades are often based on the 4.0 GPA scale. CLEP tests are based on a 0-80 scale–the max score is 80 points.

Question 14

The ______ score is a technique for averaging grades where the degree of difficulty varies from one assignment to the next

Answer 14

Scaled

A scaled score is designed to calculating the score earned on a test taking into account the difficulty.

Question 15

A norm-referenced test compares an individual’s score to the average score of others in a larger group. ________ standardized tests usually fall into this category.

Answer 15

Nationwide

A criterion-referenced test is designed to tell if students are ready for more advanced materials, a norm-referenced test is designed to see how a student compares to the average student.

Question 16

The standard _________ is kind of the “mean of the mean,” and measures how widely the data varies from the average.

Answer 16

deviation

For example, the standard deviation for this set of numbers (5, 23, 44, 15) is greater than the standard deviation for this set (19, 20, 18, 22).

Question 17

A normal _________ of data means that most of the examples in a set of data are close to the “average,” while relatively few examples tend to one extreme or the other.

Answer 17

deviation

Question 18

A __________ is a general strategy used in attempting to solve problems, as opposed to an algorithm, which is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

Answer 18

heuristic

A Heuristic might be something like dividing a problem into sub-problems, or working backwards through a problem

Question 19

An __________ is a specific set of steps you follow to solve a problem.

Answer 19

algorithm

Question 20

Scheuneman and Slaughter list five biases that make test ________ suspect: historical, cultural, biological, educational, and psychometric.

Answer 20

reliability

Reliability in testing becomes questionable due to these five reasons.

Question 21

Unfair __________ occurs when items on an examination disadvantage one group over another because of different background experiences.

Answer 21

penalization

For example, immigrants might not score as well on a math test as native born students if the test included items requiring a knowledge of American football

Question 22

____________ testing has received much criticism in recent years. Many feel that the tests are biased against certain social and cultural groups.

Answer 22

Standardized

They argue that much of the information assessed on the tests is information that certain social and cultural groups have had limited exposure to.

Question 23

________ _________ is a simple method that faculty can use to collect feedback, early and often, on how well their students are learning what they are being taught.

Answer 23

Classroom assessment

Classroom assessment helps teachers better know how their classrooms are functioning, on a number of levels.

Question 24

There has been considerable controversy over the meaning of ____________. In 1986 at a symposium, 24 psychologists offered 24 different views about the nature of it.

Answer 24

intelligence

Researchers disagree on what is or indicates intelligence.

Question 25

Most nationwide-norm referenced tests are used to compare a students’ performance with the mean score of students nationwide of the same ____ level.

Answer 25

grade

Most nationwide-norm referenced tests compare on the basis of grade level.

Question 26

The purpose of classroom assessment is to provide faculty and students with information and insights needed to improve teaching _____________ and learning quality.

Answer 26

effectiveness

Classroom assessment seeks to better the education environment, layout and other important factors in a learning atmosphere.

Question 27

College instructors use _______ gleaned through Classroom Assessment to make adjustments in their teaching.

Answer 27

feedback

Faculty also share feedback with students, using it to help them improve their learning strategies and study habits in order to become more independent, successful learners.

Question 28

The three types of long-term memory are Episodic memory, Procedural Memory, and _______ memory.

Answer 28

semantic

Semantic memory is memory for meaning. Things such as word definitions, images, and other information that directly applies to making meaning of your world falls under semantic memory.

Question 29

The ____ __ _______ _______ is the area where the child cannot solve a problem alone, but can be successful under adult guidance or in collaboration with a more advanced peer.

Answer 29

zone of proximal development

A teacher might apply this concept by evaluating a student’s current level, and working with him individually to take him to the next level.

Question 30

Classroom Assessment is one method of _______ within the framework of Classroom Research, a broader approach to improving teaching and learning.

Answer 30

inquiry

Classroom research is a similar, yet broader approach to improving teaching and learning

Question 31

Most tests administered by teachers in classrooms are _________-referenced tests; they are designed to test mastery of certain objectives.

Answer 31

criterion

In a criterion-referenced test, it doesn’t matter what the other students get–the test-takers must demonstrate mastery.

Question 32

The process of adding and extending meaning by connecting new information to existing knowledge is known as ________.

Answer 32

elaboration

Examples of elaboration are–while studying a textbook, picturing information in your mind, translating info into your own words…

Question 33

It is critical to define your goal before creating a ____ to reach it.

Answer 33

plan

On the topic of educational performance evaluations, Mager said: “You cannot concern yourself with the problem of selecting the most efficient route to your destination until you know what your destination is”

Question 34

According to ______, teachers should formulate general objectives of instruction that describe types of behavior students should exhibit in order to demonstrate that they have learned (What you should know).

Answer 34

Gronlund

Plans should be made to be able to recognize that a student has learned appropriate behaviors and lessons.

Question 35

There are three types of long-term memory–semantic, episodic, and __________ memory.

Answer 35

Procedural

Procedural memory is memory for how to do things. For example, how to tie your shoes, or how to ski are stored as procedural memories, and once learned probably will not be forgotten.

Question 36

________: Under each general objective, list up to five specific learning outcomes (what you should be able to perform).

Answer 36

Gronlund

For each general objective that has been determined by the teacher, approximately five specific possible outcomes should be listed, so that they can be recognized when they occur.

Question 37

___________ statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures.

Answer 37

Descriptive

Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data.

Question 38

With descriptive statistics you are simply describing what is or what the data shows. With __________ statistics, you are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone.

Answer 38

inferential

Descriptive statistics are typically distinguished from inferential statistics.

Question 39

Descriptive Statistics are used to present ____________ descriptions in a manageable form. In a research study we may have lots of measures. Or we may measure a large number of people on any measure. Descriptive statistics help us to simplify large amounts of data in a sensible way.

Answer 39

quantitative

Each descriptive statistic reduces lots of data into a simpler summary.