Cognitive Perspective Flashcards
Not everything that stimulates our sensory receptors is transformed into a ______ representation. Rather, we selectively attend to some objects and events and ignore others
mental
If we could not select, we would be automatons reduced to responding to whatever stimulus happened to be the strongest at any moment. Our ________ would be influenced solely by whatever thought, memory, or impulse was passing through our minds, and we would have no goal-directed control over our actions.
behavior
The ability to choose what we take in as a mental representation allows us to organize our own goals, actions and decisions.
______, then, is an important cognitive key to planned, adaptive behavior.
Attention
Failures of attention play a major role in several severe mental disorders. Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder are extremely distractible, presumably because they cannot ______ many external stimuli.
ignore
ADHD is one of many mental illnesses characterized by an inability to selectively ignore external stimuli.
Psychologists have developed many ways to assess normal and abnormal attention. For example, in the __________ task, subjects wearing earphones are asked to repeat a message sent to one ear while ignoring a different message simultaneously sent to the other ear.
dichotic listening
As adaptive creatures, we humans need to know what is happening in the world around us. _________ tells us there are objects in the world outside ourselves; perception tells us what and where they are and what they are doing.
Sensation
The sensations that our sensory receptors give us allow us to interpret the world around us.
Together, our sensations and perceptions link our brains to the world and allow us to form mental representations of ______.
reality
With the interpretation of the sensations, we can take our view of the world and make it into an ________________ reality.
understandable
We know the world through many senses, including seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting. With more than 50 percent of our cerebral cortex devoted to ______ functions and much of the remainder devoted to audition (including speech), seeing and hearing are by far the most studied.
visual
The ______ sense is amazing because we can create vivid, detailed representations of the world from rather fuzzy patches of light momentarily projected through the lens of the eye onto the retina. From this highly impoverished two-dimensional array of light and dark, we construct a complex three-dimensional mental model of the world around us.
visual
We identify people and objects of specified shapes, sizes, and colors, located at specific places or moving across our field of view. The processes underlying this everyday miracle are still somewhat mysterious, but __________ scientists specializing in sensation and perception are discovering the steps that transform retinal nerve firings into the internal cinema of daily life.
behavioral
How we transform the transmissions of our 5 senses into a reality is a ________ studied heavily by behavioral scientists.
mystery
According to Thorndike’s law of ______, any act that produces a satisfying effect in a given situation will tend to be repeated in that situation.
Effect
Thorndike and Skinner both played major roles in developing knowledge of operant ______________.
conditioning
The study of _________ is one of the most advanced areas of psychology. Many perceptual processes, especially those involving vision and audition, are well understood and provide a vital bridge between neuroscience and behavioral science.
perception
Perception is not an __________ thing, it is heavily influenced by our experiences, our motives, our expectations, and our goals
objective
Every aspect of daily behavior, even the ones as automatic as knowing who we are and where we live, is guided by ________ of past experiences.
memories
Research scientists have distinguished three phases of memory. First, ___________ or encoding an event into a memory trace; next storing and retaining it over a period of time; and finally, retrieving and using it to guide actions.
registering
Registering is the initial entrance and cataloging of that which is to enter the memory.
Memory for a particular episode may fail due to errors in any of these _____ phases. Research is also uncovering many types of memory, each with distinctive characteristics and functions.
three
Although these three phases (registering, storing, retrieving) are standard to memory, many different kinds of memory are being discovered.
To study ______ in humans, researchers have devised simple laboratory tasks that permit memory reports to be compared with what actually happened. Subjects may be asked to study a list of words or view a set of pictures or novel shapes.
memory
Memory ________ can be greatly effected by lifestyle. The brain is like a muscle; it remains strong and flexible when exercised.
capacity
Also, staying physically ______ greatly benefits the memory. Researchers have long maintained the strong link between a healthy body and a strong mind.
active
Reduced stress load means a better ability to learn and ______.
recall
Taking time to relax, learning stress reduction methods, and getting a restful night’s sleep whenever possible have an immeasurable impact on memory capacity.
Long Term Memory is defined as “the memory system that is responsible for storing information on a relatively _________ basis”.
permanent
Long term memory is the memory we should be able to remember indefinitely.
Elaborative __________ is a mechanism for processing information into long-term memory that involves the meaningful manipulation of the information to be remembered.
rehearsal
The stored memory needs to be elaborated upon to make sense of the information given.
________ interference seems to have a greater impact on long-term memory than short-term memory.
Semantic
Prompt _________ of items from long-term memory is highly dependent on the familiarity of items as well as the manner in which items have been stored in memory.
retrieval
The three most significant things that help something move from short-term memory to long-term memory are organization, meaningfulness, and _______.
imagery
It is easier to remember things that are relevant to you, that have meaning for you: for example, things about your family rather than of others families, or classes in your major rather than “gen-ed,” and so on. And if you can put your experiences into explicit ______ form, you will remember it better.
visual
Human beings are very visual creatures. Being able to visualize an experience can help you to remember it more easily later.
Simplified, the process of memory involves receiving, ________, storing, and recalling data.
encoding
Encoding has also been referred to as “registering” and is the process through which patterns are translated into appropriate brain language for long term storage.
Encoding is defined as the way ___________ is put into memory. Sensory stimuli from the environment is represented in a perceptive form, i.e., sound, visual image, meaning, etc.
information
Psychologists refer to storing memories as an ________ process–a procedure for transforming something a person sees hears, thinks, or feels into a memory.
encoding
The ___________________ (IDEA) requires the “least restrictive placement” for students, and protects certain rights of students and their parents.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Chunking is the basis for the organization of memory. Chunking is the _______ mechanism for learning and represents the conversion of problem-solving acts into long-term memory.
primary
Chunking involves combining information into chunks, instead of remembering the individual bits.
Fourteen letters is difficult for most people to store in their _____-term memory. But you can use a technique called chunking to increase the capacity of short term memory. Instead of trying to remember 14 letters you must first chunk the letters into larger units.
short
It is generally said that short-term memory can hold __ individual items, that’s why you want to limit to 7 or less chunks.
7
Mental _______ is defined as an experience that resembles perceptual experience, but which occurs in the absence of the appropriate stimuli for the relevant perception.
imagery
Being able to hear someone in your imagination, or picture someone doing something, even though your senses are not actually conveying those stimuli, would be use of mental imagery.
Mental imagery has often been believed to play a very large, even pivotal, role in both memory and __________.
motivation
The increasing interest in mental imagery began when the hold of ___________ weakened and psychologists began to explore the neglected mental processes covered in studies of imagery and imagination.
behaviorism
Mental Imagery is important as it occurs in many _________ tasks. It may help to understand related phenomena, and it may be useful to understanding how to elicit imagery during therapy.
cognitive
Some related phenomena which Mental Imagery may help us to understand are hallucinations, daydreaming, and dreaming.
Mental imagery and its associated representations have been demonstrated to play an important role in dynamic problem _______.
solving
Research investigating the effects of mental imagery on student ________ has lagged behind research in other types of learning strategies.
learning
It follows that the ________ connections that result from imagery in verbal learning will also facilitate spatial learning and problem solving.
conceptual
_______-solving is the process of achieving a desired goal for which there was initially no familiar outcome.
Problem
Problem solving involves making a plan and working through it, where the outcome is uncertain.
________ enables improved problem-solving performance.
Learning
Learning and problem-solving are related. As one continues to learn, problem solving abilities are improved.
Different models of problem solving recognize different knowledge needs, and set up different learning tasks. Some recent models analyze problem solving in terms of _______ tasks, methods, and subtasks.
generic
Problem-solving is the key process in learning, because rendering a goal familiar renders _______ goals familiar. This familiarity brings about the change in behavior when encountering similar goals that is required for learning to have taken place.
similar
As we learn and work to solve a problem, we become familiar with it. Being familiar with similar problems when you encounter them in the future is an indicator that learning has taken place.
Learning to problem-solve is analogous to learning to _____.
learn
Since learning and problem-solving are so closely related, when we learn to solve a problem, we are also learning to learn.
Problem-based learning prepares students to think __________ and analytically, and to find and use appropriate learning resources.
critically
Problem based learning is an instructional method that challenges students to “learn to learn,” working cooperatively in groups to seek solutions to real world problems.
The _______ ___ _______ is the transfer of a skill from one situation to another; the transfer of a thought process or “cognitive process” to a practical situation.
Transfer of learning
There are _____ primary types of learning transfer that are recognized by educators for their ability to convey knowledge effectively.
three
Conveyance of knowledge involves three types of learning transfer: “Within-Trial Transfer,” “Across-Trial Transfer,” and “Across-Task Transfer.”
The first type of learning transfer is “______-Trial Transfer”. When chunks are created, they are available for immediate application. Thus, within a single problem solving session, chunks may be applied as soon as they are learned.
with-in
Chunking makes a large topic easier to absorb as it is broken down into manageable parts
Secondly, “______-Trial Transfer” occurs as chunks are created; system performance over different instances of the same problem improves. This transfer is a direct result of chunking’s ability to generalize.
Across
While chunks are created, familiarity increases, so the ability to deal with the same problem improves in speed and ease.
There is “Across-____ Transfer”, applying knowledge learned in one domain to another.
Task
This type of learning transfer means applying the chunks learned in one problem to a different problem.
