Cognitive Perspective

Question 1

Not everything that stimulates our sensory receptors is transformed into a ______ representation. Rather, we selectively attend to some objects and events and ignore others

Answer 1

mental

Question 2

If we could not select, we would be automatons reduced to responding to whatever stimulus happened to be the strongest at any moment. Our ________ would be influenced solely by whatever thought, memory, or impulse was passing through our minds, and we would have no goal-directed control over our actions.

Answer 2

behavior

The ability to choose what we take in as a mental representation allows us to organize our own goals, actions and decisions.

Question 3

______, then, is an important cognitive key to planned, adaptive behavior.

Answer 3

Attention

Question 4

Failures of attention play a major role in several severe mental disorders. Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder are extremely distractible, presumably because they cannot ______ many external stimuli.

Answer 4

ignore

ADHD is one of many mental illnesses characterized by an inability to selectively ignore external stimuli.

Question 5

Psychologists have developed many ways to assess normal and abnormal attention. For example, in the __________ task, subjects wearing earphones are asked to repeat a message sent to one ear while ignoring a different message simultaneously sent to the other ear.

Answer 5

dichotic listening

Question 6

As adaptive creatures, we humans need to know what is happening in the world around us. _________ tells us there are objects in the world outside ourselves; perception tells us what and where they are and what they are doing.

Answer 6

Sensation

The sensations that our sensory receptors give us allow us to interpret the world around us.

Question 7

Together, our sensations and perceptions link our brains to the world and allow us to form mental representations of ______.

Answer 7

reality

Question 8

With the interpretation of the sensations, we can take our view of the world and make it into an ________________ reality.

Answer 8

understandable

Question 9

We know the world through many senses, including seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting. With more than 50 percent of our cerebral cortex devoted to ______ functions and much of the remainder devoted to audition (including speech), seeing and hearing are by far the most studied.

Answer 9

visual

Question 10

The ______ sense is amazing because we can create vivid, detailed representations of the world from rather fuzzy patches of light momentarily projected through the lens of the eye onto the retina. From this highly impoverished two-dimensional array of light and dark, we construct a complex three-dimensional mental model of the world around us.

Answer 10

visual

Question 11

We identify people and objects of specified shapes, sizes, and colors, located at specific places or moving across our field of view. The processes underlying this everyday miracle are still somewhat mysterious, but __________ scientists specializing in sensation and perception are discovering the steps that transform retinal nerve firings into the internal cinema of daily life.

Answer 11

behavioral

Question 12

How we transform the transmissions of our 5 senses into a reality is a ________ studied heavily by behavioral scientists.

Answer 12

mystery

Question 13

According to Thorndike’s law of ______, any act that produces a satisfying effect in a given situation will tend to be repeated in that situation.

Answer 13

Effect

Question 14

Thorndike and Skinner both played major roles in developing knowledge of operant ______________.

Answer 14

conditioning

Question 15

The study of _________ is one of the most advanced areas of psychology. Many perceptual processes, especially those involving vision and audition, are well understood and provide a vital bridge between neuroscience and behavioral science.

Answer 15

perception

Question 16

Perception is not an __________ thing, it is heavily influenced by our experiences, our motives, our expectations, and our goals

Answer 16

objective

Question 17

Every aspect of daily behavior, even the ones as automatic as knowing who we are and where we live, is guided by ________ of past experiences.

Answer 17

memories

Question 18

Research scientists have distinguished three phases of memory. First, ___________ or encoding an event into a memory trace; next storing and retaining it over a period of time; and finally, retrieving and using it to guide actions.

Answer 18

registering

Registering is the initial entrance and cataloging of that which is to enter the memory.

Question 19

Memory for a particular episode may fail due to errors in any of these _____ phases. Research is also uncovering many types of memory, each with distinctive characteristics and functions.

Answer 19

three

Although these three phases (registering, storing, retrieving) are standard to memory, many different kinds of memory are being discovered.

Question 20

To study ______ in humans, researchers have devised simple laboratory tasks that permit memory reports to be compared with what actually happened. Subjects may be asked to study a list of words or view a set of pictures or novel shapes.

Answer 20

memory

Question 21

Memory ________ can be greatly effected by lifestyle. The brain is like a muscle; it remains strong and flexible when exercised.

Answer 21

capacity

Question 22

Also, staying physically ______ greatly benefits the memory. Researchers have long maintained the strong link between a healthy body and a strong mind.

Answer 22

active

Question 23

Reduced stress load means a better ability to learn and ______.

Answer 23

recall

Taking time to relax, learning stress reduction methods, and getting a restful night’s sleep whenever possible have an immeasurable impact on memory capacity.

Question 24

Long Term Memory is defined as “the memory system that is responsible for storing information on a relatively _________ basis”.

Answer 24

permanent

Long term memory is the memory we should be able to remember indefinitely.

Question 25

Elaborative __________ is a mechanism for processing information into long-term memory that involves the meaningful manipulation of the information to be remembered.

Answer 25

rehearsal

The stored memory needs to be elaborated upon to make sense of the information given.

Question 26

________ interference seems to have a greater impact on long-term memory than short-term memory.

Answer 26

Semantic

Question 27

Prompt _________ of items from long-term memory is highly dependent on the familiarity of items as well as the manner in which items have been stored in memory.

Answer 27

retrieval

Question 28

The three most significant things that help something move from short-term memory to long-term memory are organization, meaningfulness, and _______.

Answer 28

imagery

Question 29

It is easier to remember things that are relevant to you, that have meaning for you: for example, things about your family rather than of others families, or classes in your major rather than “gen-ed,” and so on. And if you can put your experiences into explicit ______ form, you will remember it better.

Answer 29

visual

Human beings are very visual creatures. Being able to visualize an experience can help you to remember it more easily later.

Question 30

Simplified, the process of memory involves receiving, ________, storing, and recalling data.

Answer 30

encoding

Encoding has also been referred to as “registering” and is the process through which patterns are translated into appropriate brain language for long term storage.

Question 31

Encoding is defined as the way ___________ is put into memory. Sensory stimuli from the environment is represented in a perceptive form, i.e., sound, visual image, meaning, etc.

Answer 31

information

Question 32

Psychologists refer to storing memories as an ________ process–a procedure for transforming something a person sees hears, thinks, or feels into a memory.

Answer 32

encoding

Question 33

The ___________________ (IDEA) requires the “least restrictive placement” for students, and protects certain rights of students and their parents.

Answer 33

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Question 34

Chunking is the basis for the organization of memory. Chunking is the _______ mechanism for learning and represents the conversion of problem-solving acts into long-term memory.

Answer 34

primary

Chunking involves combining information into chunks, instead of remembering the individual bits.

Question 35

Fourteen letters is difficult for most people to store in their _____-term memory. But you can use a technique called chunking to increase the capacity of short term memory. Instead of trying to remember 14 letters you must first chunk the letters into larger units.

Answer 35

short

Question 36

It is generally said that short-term memory can hold __ individual items, that’s why you want to limit to 7 or less chunks.

Answer 36

7

Question 37

Mental _______ is defined as an experience that resembles perceptual experience, but which occurs in the absence of the appropriate stimuli for the relevant perception.

Answer 37

imagery

Being able to hear someone in your imagination, or picture someone doing something, even though your senses are not actually conveying those stimuli, would be use of mental imagery.

Question 38

Mental imagery has often been believed to play a very large, even pivotal, role in both memory and __________.

Answer 38

motivation

Question 39

The increasing interest in mental imagery began when the hold of ___________ weakened and psychologists began to explore the neglected mental processes covered in studies of imagery and imagination.

Answer 39

behaviorism

Question 40

Mental Imagery is important as it occurs in many _________ tasks. It may help to understand related phenomena, and it may be useful to understanding how to elicit imagery during therapy.

Answer 40

cognitive

Some related phenomena which Mental Imagery may help us to understand are hallucinations, daydreaming, and dreaming.

Question 41

Mental imagery and its associated representations have been demonstrated to play an important role in dynamic problem _______.

Answer 41

solving

Question 42

Research investigating the effects of mental imagery on student ________ has lagged behind research in other types of learning strategies.

Answer 42

learning

Question 43

It follows that the ________ connections that result from imagery in verbal learning will also facilitate spatial learning and problem solving.

Answer 43

conceptual

Question 44

_______-solving is the process of achieving a desired goal for which there was initially no familiar outcome.

Answer 44

Problem

Problem solving involves making a plan and working through it, where the outcome is uncertain.

Question 45

________ enables improved problem-solving performance.

Answer 45

Learning

Learning and problem-solving are related. As one continues to learn, problem solving abilities are improved.

Question 46

Different models of problem solving recognize different knowledge needs, and set up different learning tasks. Some recent models analyze problem solving in terms of _______ tasks, methods, and subtasks.

Answer 46

generic

Question 47

Problem-solving is the key process in learning, because rendering a goal familiar renders _______ goals familiar. This familiarity brings about the change in behavior when encountering similar goals that is required for learning to have taken place.

Answer 47

similar

As we learn and work to solve a problem, we become familiar with it. Being familiar with similar problems when you encounter them in the future is an indicator that learning has taken place.

Question 48

Learning to problem-solve is analogous to learning to _____.

Answer 48

learn

Since learning and problem-solving are so closely related, when we learn to solve a problem, we are also learning to learn.

Question 49

Problem-based learning prepares students to think __________ and analytically, and to find and use appropriate learning resources.

Answer 49

critically

Problem based learning is an instructional method that challenges students to “learn to learn,” working cooperatively in groups to seek solutions to real world problems.

Question 50

The _______ ___ _______ is the transfer of a skill from one situation to another; the transfer of a thought process or “cognitive process” to a practical situation.

Answer 50

Transfer of learning

Question 51

There are _____ primary types of learning transfer that are recognized by educators for their ability to convey knowledge effectively.

Answer 51

three

Conveyance of knowledge involves three types of learning transfer: “Within-Trial Transfer,” “Across-Trial Transfer,” and “Across-Task Transfer.”

Question 52

The first type of learning transfer is “______-Trial Transfer”. When chunks are created, they are available for immediate application. Thus, within a single problem solving session, chunks may be applied as soon as they are learned.

Answer 52

with-in

Chunking makes a large topic easier to absorb as it is broken down into manageable parts

Question 53

Secondly, “______-Trial Transfer” occurs as chunks are created; system performance over different instances of the same problem improves. This transfer is a direct result of chunking’s ability to generalize.

Answer 53

Across

While chunks are created, familiarity increases, so the ability to deal with the same problem improves in speed and ease.

Question 54

There is “Across-____ Transfer”, applying knowledge learned in one domain to another.

Answer 54

Task

This type of learning transfer means applying the chunks learned in one problem to a different problem.