Motivation

Question 1

The __________ theory assumes that a central part of all classroom achievement is the need for students to protect their sense of worth or personal value.

Answer 1

self-worth

Question 2

The basic assumption of the self-worth theory is that _______ factors influence a students sense of worth, including performance level, self-estimates of ability, and the degree of effort expended.

Answer 2

several

Question 3

A students sense of worth depends heavily on that students _____________.

Answer 3

accomplishments

School gives students the feeling that what they have accomplished gives them worth.

Question 4

Unless students can become successful at some valued activity, they will be cut off from one major source of self-______.

Answer 4

esteem

Students feel that they must succeed to gain self-esteem.

Question 5

A motivational problem students with an ______ locus of control often face is that they do not accept responsibility for their failure.

Answer 5

external

An external locus of control indicates that the person believes that their actions are dependent on events outside of their personal control

Question 6

__________ of ability has both a direct and an indirect influence on self-worth.

Answer 6

Self-perception

The direct link demonstrates that the mere perception of high ability can sometimes imply worthiness, even without the presence of accomplishments.

Question 7

Teachers tend to reinforce the concept that trying hard is a ______ activity, so there is a linkage for the student between effort and self-worth.

Answer 7

worthy

However, again, performance is needed to maintain this worthiness.

Question 8

It is impossible to determine whether students who are more intrinsically motivated elicit more support at home or whether more support at home leads to more intrinsic achievement _________ (or both).

Answer 8

motivation

A person with intrinsic motivation is self motivated.

Question 9

Motivation for achievement includes three _______ motivational factors that influence outcome attainment

Answer 9

generic

Question 10

The first of the three motivational factors which can influence outcome attainment is a person’s _____ or belief about his capability to attain the outcome.

Answer 10

attitude

Question 11

The second of three motivational factors which makes up motivation for achievement is a drive or desire to ______ the outcome.

Answer 11

attain

Question 12

A student studies diligently for his exams the first semester, and ends up with poor grades. As a result, he doesn’t study for his exams during the second semester. This is an example of _______ helplessness.

Answer 12

learned

Learned helplessness occurs when students come to believe that they cannot control or improve their own learning.

Question 13

The third motivational factor which affects motivation for achievement is–__________ employed to attain the outcome.

Answer 13

strategy

Strategies that have been shown to have a particular impact on achievement are self-observing, self-judging, and self-reacting

Question 14

Locus of _______ is a construct which refers to an individual’s beliefs about whether the outcomes of their actions are dependent on what they do (internal control orientation) or are determined by events outside their personal control (external control orientation).

Answer 14

control

Question 15

Some research suggests that what underlies the internal locus of control is the concppt of “self as _____.”

Answer 15

agent

The concept of “self as agent” is that our thoughts control our actions and that when we realize this executive function of thinking we can positively affect our beliefs, motivation, and academic performance.

Question 16

A Reinforcement Schedule determines when you ______ a new behavior you are trying to encourage. The quickest way to make a person learn a new behavior is a continuous reinforcement schedule.

Answer 16

reinforce

However, once the reinforcement stops, the behavior disappears quickly.

Question 17

The self as agent can consciously or unconsciously direct, select, and regulate the use of all knowledge structures and intellectual processes in support of personal goals, intentions, and _______.

Answer 17

choices

Question 18

______ asserts that “the degree to which one chooses to be self-determining is a function of one’s realization of the source of agency and personal control”.

Answer 18

McCombs

Question 19

There is a theory about how people explain things. It is called ________ Theory.

Answer 19

Attribution

The theory is really quite simple (When you see the term, “attribution,” you should think of the term, “explanation,” as a synonym).

Question 20

The attribution theory works like this: when we offer explanations about ___ things happened, we can give one of two types.

Answer 20

why

With the attribution theory, we attempt to explain how or why things happen.

Question 21

A stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response that it normally would not evoke is a(n) ______ _______.

Answer 21

conditioned stimulus

A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus you respond to because you have been conditioned to react to it.

Question 22

There are ___ types of explanations according to the attribution theory. One, we can make an external attribution.

Answer 22

two

Question 23

The second type of explanation we can give, according to the attribution Theory, is an ______ attribution.

Answer 23

internal

Question 24

Knowledge about your own thinking processes is called __________.

Answer 24

metacognition

Metacognition is a person’s awareness of his own cognitive machinery and how the machinery works–in other words, an understanding of how you yourself think, learn, etc..

Question 25

An external attribution assigns causality to an _______ agent or force.

Answer 25

outside

An external attribution claims that some outside thing motivated the event.

Question 26

Restructuring a problem to see things in a new way is an example of __________.

Answer 26

creativity

Creativity is defined as imaginative, original thinking or problem solving. It is often associated with “divergent thinking”–the ability to propose many different ideas or answers.

Question 27

By contrast, an internal attribution assigns causality to factors ______ the person.

Answer 27

within

Question 28

_________ thinking is the creation of many ideas or potential problem solutions from one idea.

Answer 28

Divergent

Question 29

_________ thinking is the reduction or focusing of many different ideas into one possible problem solution.

Answer 29

Convergent

Question 30

_________ reasoning consists of drawing conclusions which follow logically provided that certain statements are assumed to be true.

Answer 30

Deductive

Question 31

The theory of learned helplessness began as a _________ experiment and was later extended to human behavior, providing a model for explaining depression, a state characterized by a lack of affect and feeling.

Answer 31

Pavlovian

During the course of their lives, depressed people apparently learned that they have no control.

Question 32

Negative reinforcement involves strengthening behavior by removing an _______ stimulus when the behavior occurs.

Answer 32

aversive

An aversive stimulus is something unpleasant. An example of a negative reinforcer is the car seatbelt buzzer.

Question 33

Learned ____________ explained a lot of things, but then researchers began to find exceptions–people who did not get depressed, even after many bad life experiences.

Answer 33

helplessness

The theories around learned helplessness and depression became discredited after a while, as there was no consistency between learned helplessness and the development of depression.

Question 34

________ discovered that a depressed person thought about the bad event in more pessimistic ways than a nondepressed person.

Answer 34

Seligman

He called this thinking, “explanatory style,” borrowing ideas from attribution theory.

Question 35

Seligman suggests in his book “Learned Optimism” that one can overcome depression by learning new explanatory styles. This is the basis of cognitive therapy. In such therapies, the counselor challenges the client’s beliefs and explanations of ____s events.

Answer 35

life

Question 36

_____________ is the most widely applied principle of behavioral analysis.

Answer 36

Reinforcement

Reinforcement is the most commonly used and accepted method of behavioral analysis.

Question 37

_________ motivation is the stimulation or drive stemming from within oneself.

Answer 37

Intrinsic

Question 38

In relation to learning, a person is compelled to learn by a motive to understand, originating from his/her own _________.

Answer 38

curiosity

When applied to learning, intrinsic motivation is the intrinsic desire of a student to understand and learn more.

Question 39

Intrinsic motivation is often associated with intrinsic _______ because the natural rewards of a task are the motivating forces that encourage an individual in the first place.

Answer 39

rewards

When one can receive a natural reward for an achievement, it is thought to be much easier to develop a natural, intrinsic motivation to perform.

Question 40

The basic idea behind intrinsic motivation and intrinsic rewards is that ________, both searching for answers and finding those answers, is reinforcing in itself.

Answer 40

learning

It is thought that if a student is intrinsically motivated to learn, then it is the learning that is also the reward. Therefore the learning is reinforcing itself.

Question 41

An intrinsically motivating classroom works: it is utilizing the natural learning ______ of children!

Answer 41

energy

Children are the most curious, naturally driven learners on the face of this Earth.