Motivation Flashcards
The __________ theory assumes that a central part of all classroom achievement is the need for students to protect their sense of worth or personal value.
self-worth
The basic assumption of the self-worth theory is that _______ factors influence a students sense of worth, including performance level, self-estimates of ability, and the degree of effort expended.
several
A students sense of worth depends heavily on that students _____________.
accomplishments
School gives students the feeling that what they have accomplished gives them worth.
Unless students can become successful at some valued activity, they will be cut off from one major source of self-______.
esteem
Students feel that they must succeed to gain self-esteem.
A motivational problem students with an ______ locus of control often face is that they do not accept responsibility for their failure.
external
An external locus of control indicates that the person believes that their actions are dependent on events outside of their personal control
__________ of ability has both a direct and an indirect influence on self-worth.
Self-perception
The direct link demonstrates that the mere perception of high ability can sometimes imply worthiness, even without the presence of accomplishments.
Teachers tend to reinforce the concept that trying hard is a ______ activity, so there is a linkage for the student between effort and self-worth.
worthy
However, again, performance is needed to maintain this worthiness.
It is impossible to determine whether students who are more intrinsically motivated elicit more support at home or whether more support at home leads to more intrinsic achievement _________ (or both).
motivation
A person with intrinsic motivation is self motivated.
Motivation for achievement includes three _______ motivational factors that influence outcome attainment
generic
The first of the three motivational factors which can influence outcome attainment is a person’s _____ or belief about his capability to attain the outcome.
attitude
The second of three motivational factors which makes up motivation for achievement is a drive or desire to ______ the outcome.
attain
A student studies diligently for his exams the first semester, and ends up with poor grades. As a result, he doesn’t study for his exams during the second semester. This is an example of _______ helplessness.
learned
Learned helplessness occurs when students come to believe that they cannot control or improve their own learning.
The third motivational factor which affects motivation for achievement is–__________ employed to attain the outcome.
strategy
Strategies that have been shown to have a particular impact on achievement are self-observing, self-judging, and self-reacting
Locus of _______ is a construct which refers to an individual’s beliefs about whether the outcomes of their actions are dependent on what they do (internal control orientation) or are determined by events outside their personal control (external control orientation).
control
Some research suggests that what underlies the internal locus of control is the concppt of “self as _____.”
agent
The concept of “self as agent” is that our thoughts control our actions and that when we realize this executive function of thinking we can positively affect our beliefs, motivation, and academic performance.
A Reinforcement Schedule determines when you ______ a new behavior you are trying to encourage. The quickest way to make a person learn a new behavior is a continuous reinforcement schedule.
reinforce
However, once the reinforcement stops, the behavior disappears quickly.
The self as agent can consciously or unconsciously direct, select, and regulate the use of all knowledge structures and intellectual processes in support of personal goals, intentions, and _______.
choices
______ asserts that “the degree to which one chooses to be self-determining is a function of one’s realization of the source of agency and personal control”.
McCombs
There is a theory about how people explain things. It is called ________ Theory.
Attribution
The theory is really quite simple (When you see the term, “attribution,” you should think of the term, “explanation,” as a synonym).
The attribution theory works like this: when we offer explanations about ___ things happened, we can give one of two types.
why
With the attribution theory, we attempt to explain how or why things happen.
A stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response that it normally would not evoke is a(n) ______ _______.
conditioned stimulus
A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus you respond to because you have been conditioned to react to it.
There are ___ types of explanations according to the attribution theory. One, we can make an external attribution.
two
The second type of explanation we can give, according to the attribution Theory, is an ______ attribution.
internal
Knowledge about your own thinking processes is called __________.
metacognition
Metacognition is a person’s awareness of his own cognitive machinery and how the machinery works–in other words, an understanding of how you yourself think, learn, etc..
An external attribution assigns causality to an _______ agent or force.
outside
An external attribution claims that some outside thing motivated the event.
Restructuring a problem to see things in a new way is an example of __________.
creativity
Creativity is defined as imaginative, original thinking or problem solving. It is often associated with “divergent thinking”–the ability to propose many different ideas or answers.
By contrast, an internal attribution assigns causality to factors ______ the person.
within
_________ thinking is the creation of many ideas or potential problem solutions from one idea.
Divergent
_________ thinking is the reduction or focusing of many different ideas into one possible problem solution.
Convergent
_________ reasoning consists of drawing conclusions which follow logically provided that certain statements are assumed to be true.
Deductive
The theory of learned helplessness began as a _________ experiment and was later extended to human behavior, providing a model for explaining depression, a state characterized by a lack of affect and feeling.
Pavlovian
During the course of their lives, depressed people apparently learned that they have no control.
Negative reinforcement involves strengthening behavior by removing an _______ stimulus when the behavior occurs.
aversive
An aversive stimulus is something unpleasant. An example of a negative reinforcer is the car seatbelt buzzer.
Learned ____________ explained a lot of things, but then researchers began to find exceptions–people who did not get depressed, even after many bad life experiences.
helplessness
The theories around learned helplessness and depression became discredited after a while, as there was no consistency between learned helplessness and the development of depression.
________ discovered that a depressed person thought about the bad event in more pessimistic ways than a nondepressed person.
Seligman
He called this thinking, “explanatory style,” borrowing ideas from attribution theory.
Seligman suggests in his book “Learned Optimism” that one can overcome depression by learning new explanatory styles. This is the basis of cognitive therapy. In such therapies, the counselor challenges the client’s beliefs and explanations of ____s events.
life
_____________ is the most widely applied principle of behavioral analysis.
Reinforcement
Reinforcement is the most commonly used and accepted method of behavioral analysis.
_________ motivation is the stimulation or drive stemming from within oneself.
Intrinsic
In relation to learning, a person is compelled to learn by a motive to understand, originating from his/her own _________.
curiosity
When applied to learning, intrinsic motivation is the intrinsic desire of a student to understand and learn more.
Intrinsic motivation is often associated with intrinsic _______ because the natural rewards of a task are the motivating forces that encourage an individual in the first place.
rewards
When one can receive a natural reward for an achievement, it is thought to be much easier to develop a natural, intrinsic motivation to perform.
The basic idea behind intrinsic motivation and intrinsic rewards is that ________, both searching for answers and finding those answers, is reinforcing in itself.
learning
It is thought that if a student is intrinsically motivated to learn, then it is the learning that is also the reward. Therefore the learning is reinforcing itself.
An intrinsically motivating classroom works: it is utilizing the natural learning ______ of children!
energy
Children are the most curious, naturally driven learners on the face of this Earth.
