Development Flashcards
In cognitive behavior modification, students are taught directly how to use ____-instruction.
self
Examples are asking yourself questions while you’re reading–“Does this make sense?
Cognitive development focuses on how children learn and _______ information.
process
_________, according to Ralph Waldo Emerson is “the only teacher.”
Experience
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Generally, _________ development is referred to as the changes which occur to a person’s cognitive structures, abilities, and processes.
cognitive
According to Benjamin Bloom, learning behaviors can be categorized into three types of learning: cognitive domain, affective domain, and ___________ domain.
psychomotor
This hierarchy of learning behaviors became known as Bloom’s taxonomy.
The two major psychologists who are discussed when it comes to Cognitive Development theory are Piaget and ________.
Vygotsky
The most widely known theory of childhood cognitive development was proposed by _________ in 1969.
Jean Piaget
Piaget proposed the idea that cognitive development consisted of the development of _______ competence, and that the development of this competence consists of four major stages.
logical
Piaget argued that a child’s cognitive performance depended more on the ______ of development he was in than on the specific task being performed.
stage
Recent studies have cast some doubt on Piaget’s theory of ___________ performance within a given stage.
homogeneous
Instead of Piaget’s theory , it is now believed that performance varies greatly within each stage and depends more on the acquisition and development of ________, perception, decision rules, and real-world knowledge for any individual child.
language
Piaget’s theory is doubted in the sense that not all children in one stage are at the same level
The major theme of Vygotsky’s theoretical framework is that social ___________ plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition.
interaction
Vygotsky’s believes that social interaction is the prime influencing factor in cognitive development.
The practice of talking to yourself is known as _______ speech.
private
________ stated that every function in a child’s cognitive development appears twice.
Vygotsky
According to Vygotsky, every function in a child’s cognitive development first appears on the ______ level, then later on the individual level.
social
A second aspects of Vygotsky’s theory is the idea that the potential for cognitive development is limited to a certain time span which he calls the ____ ____ ____ ________.
zone of proximal development
Full development during the Zone of Proximal Development depends upon full ______ ________.
social interaction
According to Vygotsky, the range of skills that can be developed with adult guidance or peer collaboration _____ what can be attained alone.
exceeds
________ (defined in terms of justice, welfare, rights) can be distinguished from concepts of social conventions, which are the consensually determined standards of conduct particular to a given social group.
Morality
The ________ Principle states that a more-preferred activity can serve as a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity.
Premack
Historically, _____ development issues have been approached from two perspectives with divergent, though overlapping, interests and differing sets of assumptions about the nature of social development and socialization.
moral
On one hand have been ________ character educators whose emphasis has been on processes of internalization and self control that would ostensibly result in virtuous conduct.
traditional
On the other hand have been ______ developmentalists whose emphasis has been on the development of structures of moral reasoning which ostensibly underlie action choices.
cognitive
Cognitive developmentalists believe in the connection between action choices and moral reasoning.
