Individual Differences

Question 1

One of the big debates that many people discuss is the ______-Nurture controversy.

Answer 1

Nature

The Nature vs. Nurture debate is also sometimes known as the genetic-environmental controversy.

Question 2

In this controversy, we ask if the behavior of people is due to Nature (a person’s ________) or Nurture (a person’s environment). This is a philosophical question to which science offers no definite answer.

Answer 2

genetics

Question 3

In short, the answer to the question “Is X caused by the environment or is it genetic?” is usually–____.

Answer 3

both

It is now believed that behavior is caused by a combination of both nature and nurture.

Question 4

The study of giftedness has closely paralleled the study of ____________.

Answer 4

intelligence

Many scholars who were concerned with matters of intelligence also focused on manifestations of talent and genius.

Question 5

_______ theory influences the way we identify and assess students, our attitudes toward giftedness and gifted students, the models upon which we base our programs and interventions, and many other aspects of gifted education.

Answer 5

Intelligence

Intelligence theory defines the way in which we view those with extreme intelligence and giftedness.

Question 6

An ____ ____ is one that attempts to gather the knowledge of a person given their academic exposure and age.

Answer 6

IQ test

IQ (Intelligence Quotient). This testing provides a sort of map for people to determine the ability for one to learn information.

Question 7

_____ ________ is determined by a below average level of intellectual functioning, usually defined by an IQ of below 70 to 75, combined with limitations in the skills necessary for daily living.

Answer 7

Mental Retardation

Daily living skills include such things as communication, the ability to care for oneself, and the ability to work.

Question 8

The _______ intelligence theory was first proposed by British psychologist Charles Spearman.

Answer 8

general

Question 9

Spearman postulated that an overriding kind of intelligence that he called a general factor or general intelligence “G” is determined exclusively by _________.

Answer 9

inheritance

Question 10

_____ and Simon developed a concise, easy to administer measure of intelligence which became popular by 1916.

Answer 10

Binet

Binet believed the scores should only be used to identify children in need of special education and that with proper training even children with low test scores could benefit greatly.

Question 11

_______ developed a theory of multiple intelligences (MI) and created a list of criteria to measure eight different intelligences or ways of learning.

Answer 11

Gardner

Howard Gardner rejected the idea of a single IQ score as an adequate measure of human intelligence.

Question 12

Yet with the surge in new intelligence ________, many of these theories and their potential applications remain under-examined.

Answer 12

theories

There are more intelligence theories being developed than resources that can study them.

Question 13

_________ developed the technique of multiple factor analysis in the 1930’s and established the foundation for the contemporary views of multiple factor models of intelligence that are still studied today.

Answer 13

Thurstone

Louis L. Thurstone claimed that there was a cluster of distinct abilities which contributed to the performance of individuals on tests.

Question 14

Thurstone’s multiple factor theory became the major competing theory to Spearman’s ___ factor model.

Answer 14

two

Thurstone’s research did not find any evidence to support Spearman’s “g” (general intelligence) theory.

Question 15

Robert _________’s triarchic theory of successful intelligence includes three components: analytical, creative and practical.

Answer 15

Sternberg

The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT) was created to evaluate the components of Sternberg’s theory.

Question 16

There are so many different theories and applications for gifted children, that many have not been utilized for very minor reasons. But how to organize the multitude of intelligence theories? Both _________ and Gardner, Kornhaber, and Wake propose classification schemes in their texts on intelligence.

Answer 16

Sternberg

Question 17

Sternberg suggests that we view intelligence theories in terms of the _________ on which they are based: geographic, computational, biological, epistemological, anthropological, sociological, and systems.

Answer 17

metaphors

Theories of intelligence should be applied with the metaphors that relate to the subject in question.

Question 18

Gardner, Kornhaber, and Wake take the more traditional approach–to classify these theories based on their ________ perspective: psychometric, developmental, biological, cognitive, and recent.

Answer 18

dominant

Gardner, Kornhaber, and Wake stick to the traditional, dominant perspectives that relate to the subject.

Question 19

The guiding standard that opens the gates to remedial and support services in schools across the nation, the “discrepancy _______,” has undermined the ability of teachers to provide timely and effective assistance for students with learning disabilities who are struggling in school.

Answer 19

formula

Question 20

It virtually requires that students “crash and burn” academically before they can gain access to _______ education services and it reinforces failure, ultimately making remediation much more difficult.

Answer 20

special

In accordance with the discrepancy formula students must reach rock bottom before help becomes available, and then remediation is much more difficult.

Question 21

Unlike achievement tests such as the SAT II, which assess mastery of ________ subjects, the SAT I is an aptitude test that focuses on measuring verbal and mathematical abilities independent of specific courses or high school curricula.

Answer 21

specific

Long viewed as the gold standard for ensuring student quality, the SAT I has also been considered a great equalizer in U.S. higher education.

Question 22

The SAT I is therefore a valuable tool, the argument goes, for correcting the effects of grade inflation and the wildly varying _______ of U.S. high schools.

Answer 22

quality

Grade inflation is reduced, if not, eliminated with the assistance of this standardized aptitude test.

Question 23

The SAT I presumably offers a way of identifying ________ students who otherwise might not meet traditional admissions criteria, especially high-potential students in low-performing high schools.

Answer 23

talented

This test gives the additional assistance of identifying students who don’t fit the traditional model.

Question 24

_______ _______ are a pivotal part of whether or not advances are made in unravelling the causes and consequences of reading disabilities or of the value of particular instructional techniques.

Answer 24

Research methods

Research methods are essential to being able to identify and assist those with reading disabilities.

Question 25

In a normal distribution or bell-shaped curve, __% of the scores are one standard deviation above the mean.

Answer 25

34

34% of the scores are 1 standard deviation below the mean–that means 68% of the scores are within 1 standard deviation below to 1 standard deviation above the mean.

Question 26

Attention to ___________ _______ has been a key reason the last twenty-five years of research on reading has been so productive.

Answer 26

methodological issues

Question 27

_________ development follows a very personal timetable for each child.

Answer 27

Reading

Children each have their own time with which their reading development will progress.

Question 28

Kids start ___________ words at different ages, they learn to decode print at different times, they seem to spurt ahead in reading for a few months and then settle back and go nowhere for a while.

Answer 28

recognizing

All of this is absolutely normal - and a fast or slow start doesn’t seem to matter in the long run.

Question 29

In a token reinforcement system, the _____ itself is known as the secondary reinforcer.

Answer 29

token

In and of itself, the token holds no value for a student. Collecting enough of these tokens can allow a student to get what he really wants–the primary reinforcer.

Question 30

Memories that are stored permanently go into ____-term memory.

Answer 30

long

Question 31

______ term memory does not store anything permanently; it moves memories that need to be kept for a longer duration to long-term memory.

Answer 31

Short

Question 32

Repeating information verbatim either aloud or mentally is called ____ rehearsal.

Answer 32

rote

Rote rehearsal, also called maintenance rehearsal, is used for short term memorization

Question 33

When a new memory blocks our ability to recall old information this is called ___________ inhibition.

Answer 33

retroactive

The second thing learned has in some sense replaced the first in memory making it harder to recall the first.

Question 34

________ inhibition occurs when learning is inhibited because of something learned before.

Answer 34

Proactive

If we see a breed of dog we don’t recognize but it looks similar to a terrier, we remember it as “something like a terrier but not one.

Question 35

Sensory memory linked to auditory perception is called ______ memory.

Answer 35

echoic

Echoic memory is believed to play a key role in language processing.

Question 36

Memories are stored in the sensory register, which includes the visual system and the auditory system. The visual copy is stored in the ______ memory.

Answer 36

Iconic

The visual copy stored in the sensory store is called an icon. What goes on in the iconic memory is preconscious but a type high speed processing called preattentive processing occurs

Question 37

In order for these children to reach their potential, it is imperative that their intellectual strengths be recognized and nurtured, at the same time as their __________ is accommodated.

Answer 37

disability

For the appropriate accommodations to be provided, we must first identify the unique intellectual strengths of the gifted child.

Question 38

Accommodation and Assimilation are two key aspects of Piaget’s Theory of _________ Development.

Answer 38

cognitive

Question 39

__________ is where a person must modify existing schemes to respond to a new situation.

Answer 39

Accommodation

Question 40

__________ is where a person uses existing schemes to make sense of a situation

Answer 40

Assimilation

A boy who sees a skunk for the first time calls it a “cat” because he’s trying to make sense of a new experience using an old one.

Question 41

One of the three types of long-term memory is ________ memory–which is memory tied to a particular place and time, especially information about the events or episodes of your own life

Answer 41

episodic

For example, your 18th birthday would fall into episodic memory.

Question 42

Identification of giftedness in students who are disabled is ___________.

Answer 42

problematic.

Standard lists of characteristics of gifted students may be inadequate for unmasking hidden potential in children who have disabilities.

Question 43

An ________ student has a severe disorder in communication, socialization, and academic skills.

Answer 43

autistic

These students are limited in their ability to understand, communicate, learn, and take part in social relationships.

Question 44

A developmentally-_______ student has a delay in one or more of the following areas: adaptive or self help development, cognitive development, communication development, social or emotional development, or physical development.

Answer 44

delayed

This includes fine, gross or perceptual motor, in children ages birth through two years and three through five years of age.

Question 45

A _______ impaired student has a hearing loss that is severe enough to require changes in the way a person learns information.

Answer 45

hearing

With special help, most people with a hearing impairment can learn at least basic academic skills and how to communicate with other people.

Question 46

A student profoundly ________ handicapped is significantly delayed in intellectual and adaptive behavior with development reflecting a reduced rate of learning.

Answer 46

mentally

These individuals require close supervision.

Question 47

A speech impaired student has a delay in ________ or articulation that makes it hard for that person to communicate with others or to gain basic skills.

Answer 47

language

With special help, most people with speech and language impairments can learn at least basic academic skills and learn how to communicate with others.

Question 48

Stimuli from the environment constantly bombard us–we’re constantly seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and feeling things. All of this initially goes into _______ memory.

Answer 48

sensory

Sensory memory has an enormous capacity, but fragile duration–it can only hold something for one to three seconds.

Question 49

In classical conditioning, __________ is when the conditioned response disappears.

Answer 49

extinction

Question 50

A ______ impaired student has a loss of vision that interferes with learning, even with the best correction and treatment.

Answer 50

visually

Question 51

Creativity is an ______ qualification.

Answer 51

inborn

All people are creative to some extent.

Question 52

The creativity with which we are born can be increased through _________.

Answer 52

learning

Question 53

Torrance gives the results of 308 studies of trying to teach children and students creativity. In 70% of these cases the attempts were _________.

Answer 53

successful

This research proved education increased creativity.

Question 54

There are a lot of good ways, and some not so good. Good ways to teach __________ depend on the actual culture of the country in which it is taught.

Answer 54

creativity

There probably is no “best way” to teach creativity.

Question 55

When teaching creativity in school, we must also take into account the actual school system of that _______.

Answer 55

country

Question 56

The ____ help prepare children to read and write by developing visual and motor skills.

Answer 56

arts

Performing creative tasks such as artistic activities helps children develop better motor skills.

Question 57

Painting, drawing and sculpture also help children learn to make _______, use their memory and express feelings.

Answer 57

choices

As creativity is personal, being artistic allows a child to exercise the memory and express feelings.

Question 58

Guiding your children to enjoy art, can revitalize ________ and open new avenues for expression.

Answer 58

learning

As creative arts have fewer boundaries, they often allow children to express feelings and thoughts that they are otherwise unequipped to express.

Question 59

To understand and facilitate learning in any area of the ________, teachers should know not only what it is that is being acquired, but how it relates to what has already been learned.

Answer 59

curriculum

Question 60

The learning of culture, like the learning of language, begins with a child’s first experiences with the ______ into which he is born, the community to which he belongs, and the environment in which he lives.

Answer 60

family

The learning of culture begins right at the very birth, when the baby joins the family and begins to receive sensations from his/her surroundings.

Question 61

By the time children begin their formal education at the age of five or six, they have already internalized many of the basic values and beliefs of their native culture, learned the rules of behavior which are considered appropriate for their role in the community, and established the procedures for continued _________; they have learned how to learn.

Answer 61

socialization

By the age when children are about to start school, they have already formed a great deal of their cultural beliefs.

Question 62

Different child-_______ practices are preferred in different cultures, and these will have a significant effect on later learning.

Answer 62

rearing

Question 63

Child-rearing techniques range from being very lenient when compared to ________ group standards, with little physical restraint or coercion employed, to very strict control of early behaviors.

Answer 63

dominant

Question 64

The way parents arrange the daily routines and schedules at ____ conveys to children appropriate behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of the family and cultural community that should be learned.

Answer 64

home

Question 65

Children unconsciously ________ every aspect of the way parents live their lives, and make assumptions, judgments and decisions based on what they observe.

Answer 65

observe

Question 66

_______ has a direct impact on the skills children learn from routines.

Answer 66

Culture

Question 67

Erik Erikson defined eight stages of human development. The second stage involves the crisis of Autonomy (independence) vs. _____.

Answer 67

doubt

Autonomy versus Doubt (or Shame) is Erikson’s second stage. It marks the beginning of self-control and self-confidence.