Behavioristic Perspective Flashcards
_________ conditioning refers to an automatic response being conditioned into a person’s behavior, whereas operant conditioning deals with a learning process where a person takes a deliberate action in response to a certain stimuli.
Classical
Classical conditioning refers to things like a shiver running down your spine whenever you hear a fox howl, or flinching when someone lifts their hand.
Classical conditioning occurs when a _______ reflex is associated with a new stimulus.
natural
A natural reflex is something such as wincing, shivering, drooling–something that you don’t think about.
Essentially, animals and people are biologically “wired” so that a certain stimulus will produce a specific response. However, a Russian physiologist named ______ discovered classical conditioning when he was able to make a dog salivate simply by ringing a bell.
Pavlov
The essence of Classical Conditioning is that two things are already connected with each other (Pavlov’s example is food and salivation). Then a third thing is added (the bell) for several trials. Eventually, this third thing may become so strongly __________ that it has the power to produce the old behavior.
associated
In Pavlov’s experiment, he used the association with an otherwise __________ stimulus, to create the same reaction as a natural reflex.
unrelated
__________ Anxiety is a developmental stage during which the child experiences anxiety when separated from the primary care giver (usually the mother).
Separation
Separation Anxiety is a stage most children go through, and usually ends by around 2 years of age.
The strongest application of classical conditioning involves _______.
emotion
Common experience and careful research both confirm that human emotion conditions vary rapidly and easily. Particularly when the emotion is intensely felt or negative, it will condition quickly.
Classical conditioning is used by trainers for two purposes: The first purpose is to _________ (train) autonomic responses, such as drooling, producing adrenaline, or reducing adrenaline (calming) without using the stimuli that would naturally create such a response.
condition
Conditioning is training for a specific desired response.
If you are trying to make a general conclusion about the 8th grade students in your school, then you need to perform the experiment on a ______ sample.
random
For any experiment to be conclusive, it must be performed on a random sample.
One key concept of ______’s Theory of Cognitive Development is accommodation–altering your way of thinking in response to new information.
Piaget
Accommodation occurs when a person must change their current world view in response to a situation.
_______ in Piaget’s theory, are ones organized mental representations of the world
Schemas
Equilibrium is a term used by Piaget to describe a hypothetical innate drive that forces a person to actively pursue cognitive __________. In this view, children have a natural inclination toward cognitive development.
adaptation
According to Piaget, cognitive ______________ occurs when a new experience does not fit existing understanding.
disequilibrium
When this happens, an individual falls into a state of cognitive disequilibrium, a state of confusion brought on by this imbalance.
The second purpose of classical conditioning is to create an ___________ between a stimulus that normally would not have any effect on the animal and a stimulus that would.
association
Association means that though initially the stimulus was unrelated to the response, the animal has learned to connect it with another stimulus which produces that response.
Thorndike’s first of three observations was the “Law of ______,” which stated that behaviors followed by reward are strengthened and behaviors followed by punishment are weakened.
Effect
Punishment makes a behavior less likely to occur, whereas reward will strengthen a behavior, according to Thorndike.
Law of Effect is a principle of learning that holds that ________ is acquired by the virtue of its consequences.
behavior
Behavior is a direct result of consequences that have occurred around that behavior.
A negative ___________ means that increasing one factor reduces another factor.
correlation
A negative correlation between two factors means when one goes up, the other goes down.
Thorndike called the pleasant events as satisfying and unpleasant events as ________, and both of them play a critical part in learning. Thorndikes Law of Effect defines what has become known as instrumental learning.
annoying
Moreover, this law suggested a connection between the stimulus and the response, and not between the response and the ______.
reward
According to __________s Law of Effect, the stimulus and response have a connection, whereas the response and the reward do not.
Thorndikes
Operant Conditioning forms an ___________ between a behavior and a consequence.
association
The Consequences of ________ according to Operant Conditioning:
Something Good can start or be presented;
Something Good can end or be taken away;
Something Bad can start or be presented;
Something Bad can end or be taken away.
Behavior
Kohlberg defined three levels of moral reasoning–preconvention, conventional, and post conventional. An important aspect of conventional moral reasoning is that moral judgment is based on ________.
approval
Approval from family, peers, etc is important to a person who is in the Conventional Moral Reasoning stage.
One criticism of Kohlberg’s research was that it was based almost entirely on research with ____ subjects.
male
Carol Gilligan believed Kohlberg overlooked significant gender differences
Consequences have to be immediate, or clearly linked to the ________.
behavior
If the consequences are not appropriately linked to the behavior, and performed immediately to assure this link, an association will not be made.
With verbal humans, we can explain the __________ between the consequence and the behavior, even if they are separated in time.
connection
Humans can also form verbal explanations for consequences, so the immediacy is not as critical.
It has sometimes been said that “behave is what organisms do.” _________ is built on this assumption, and its goal is to promote the scientific study of behavior.
Behaviorism
Social learning is defined as the process of learning by _________ the actions of other people.
observing
If a child witnesses her older brother earn good grades and receive praise from their parents, she may learn through this social learning process that she should work hard to make good grades as well to earn her parents praise, also.
In social learning theory, anyone who demonstrates a behavior that other people observe are known as ______.
models
A model is a “role model” in a sense.
Modeling is the acquisition of new responses through the _______ of another who responds appropriately.
imitation
____________ approach to learning is also cognitive in nature, but his added a decidedly social aspect to the process and for that reason is often referred to as the social theory.
Albert Banduras
Behaviorism was introduced (1913) by the American psychologist _____________, who insisted that behavior is a physiological reaction to environmental stimuli. He rejected the exploration of mental processes as unscientific
John B. Watson
Behaviorism is a school of psychology which seeks to explain animal and human behavior entirely in terms of observable and measurable responses to environmental stimuli.
Skinner epitomized the ___________ approach more than any other psychologist.
behaviorist
Perhaps the biggest strength of behaviorism and the resulting social learning and social cognitive theories are their ease of application to ____ world examples.
real
Behaviorisms greatest advantage is its applications to the real world.
Information gathered for learning theories are often represented by statistics and facts, rather than theoretical concepts and _____. Therefore, applying them and measuring the outcome is much simpler.
ideas
The _________ approaches developed from these theories are relatively simple and quick to administer.
treatment
______ ________ programs typically have two goals : improve grades and improve defiant behavior.
Behavior modification
A successful violent behavioral modification program teaches people of any age constructive outlets for their ______ without having to destroy items, relationships, or hurt those they love.
stress
By definition, learning is “a relatively _________ change in behavior occurring as a result of experience.”
permanent
Learning cannot be observed; it must be inferred from observing behavior.
The study of schedules of _____________ is, in effect, the study of the characteristics of well established behavior.
reinforcement
There are three overridingly important principles to keep in mind when looking at schedules of reinforcement: First, the maintenance of behavior requires ______ reinforcement.
little
The second principle to keep in mind when looking at schedules of reinforcement is–how reinforcement becomes _________ is a crucial determinant of our behavior.
available
The third principle to keep in mind when looking at schedules of reinforcement is–the _______ of reinforcement availability is crucial in determining the control that it exerts over us.
context
Many teachers use token _________ in order to encourage appropriate classroom behavior.
economies
Token economies require high levels of teacher commitment, time and skill and should be undertaken only when less intrusive measures, such as _____________ and rule management have been tried and have failed.
reinforcement
Reinforcement refers to encouraging existing behaviors or teaching new ones–to encourage behavior is to reinforce it.
Kohlberg’s Theory of _____ Development proposes three major levels of moral development, with two sub-stages for each level.
moral
The first step in planning a token economy system is identifying _______ ________.
target behaviors
With an intermittent reinforcement schedule, where a behavior is reinforced sometimes, instead of all the time, ________ takes longer.
extinction
Cognitive Learning Theory is a general approach that views learning as an ______ mental process of acquiring, remembering, and using knowledge.
active
The cognitive learning theory requires _______ active processes in the brain.
several
Learning itself is not directly observable–you look for changes in behavior to indicate that learning has occurred.
Stimuli produces _____ activity, which stores the information in short term memory.
brain
________ memories are vivid, long lasting and detailed memories caused by highly significant events.
Flashbulb
The information is moved from the short term to the long term memory according to its meaning, after it has been ___________.
assimilated
From the short-term memory, the stimulus experiences an assimilation process, placing it into long-term memory.
This information is ________ with further information to produce new knowledge or it is transformed into an action.
combined
The information that has been assimilated is transferred either into knowledge or action, depending on the type of information.
