Test Yourself Questions Flashcards
When Raoul first moved to manhattan, the sound of traffic kept him up all night. After three months, Raoul had become used to the sound of traffic and slept through the night. What is this phenomena called?
Habituation
After Raoul spent a week in the country, where the nights were quiet, when Raoul returned to manhattan he found that his sleep was disrupted again. What is the name of this phenomena?
Dishabituation
When Raoul moved to Manhattan, instead of becoming used to the sound of traffic, he became more and more annoyed and frustrated at the sound of traffic and eventually could not sleep at all. What is the name of this phenomena?
Sensitization
Marion recently saw a horror movie in which a gruesome crime is committed in a pen filled with pigs. She found the scene disturbing and needed to leave the theater. Now, when she looks at pigs she experiences fear and anxiety. According to classical conditioning, what is the term for the distress that caused Marion to walk out of the theater?
Unconditioned response
According to classical conditioning, what is the term for the pigs after they have been associated with the gruesome crime?
Conditioned stimulus
According to classical conditioning, what is the term for the distress Marion feels when she looks at pigs?
Conditioned response
According to classical conditioning, what is the term for the gruesome crime?
Unconditioned stimulus
Now when Marion sees any farm animal she experiences fear and anxiety. According to classical conditioning, what is the term for the sight of any farm animal causing Marion distress?
Generalization
According to classical conditioning, what is the term for the pigs prior to the association being made?
Neutral stimulus
According to classical conditioning, what is the term for the initial pairing between the fear and the pigs?
Acquisition
Now when Marion sees any pig she experiences fear and anxiety. However, she does not feel fear when looking at other farm animals. According to classical conditioning, what is the term for this phenomena?
Discrimination
After a visit to a farm, Marion became less and less fearful at the sight of the pigs. According to classical conditioning, what is the name of this phenomena?
Extinction
After returning home from her visit to a farm, Marion was exposed to the sight of a pig again and she had the same fear and anxiety response as before. According to classical conditioning, what is the name of this phenomena?
Spontaneous recovery
Pavlov was trying to get the dogs to learn the association between the sound of a bell and food. However, he presented the sound of the bell too far in advance to the presentation of food and the dogs were unable to learn the association. According to classical conditioning, what is the name of this phenomena?
Contiguity
Pavlov was trying to get the dogs to learn the association between the sound of a bell and food. However, he presented the sound of the bell at the same time as the presentation of the food and the dogs were unable to learn the association. According to classical conditioning, what is the name of this phenomena?
Contingency
Pavlov was trying to get the dogs to learn the association between the sound of a bell and food. He presented the sound of a bell followed by the presentation of food. Later, he introduced the presentation of a light along with the sound of the bell. When presenting the sound of the bell without the presentation of food, the bell elicited the CR but the light did not. According to classical conditioning, what is the name of this phenomena?
Blocking
Which brain region is considered to be essential for classical conditioning of emotional response?
Amygdala
As humans, we are biologically pre dispositioned to be afraid of spiders, snakes, and heights. According to classical conditioning, what is the name of this phenomena?
Preparedness
Researchers showed a monkey a video of another monkey reacting negatively to a snake. The monkey who was shown the video had learned to fear snakes after watching the video. According to classical conditioning, what is the name of this phenomena?
Vicarious classical conditioning
Alberta decided to try food at a Vietnamese restaurant with her friends. She had never had Vietnamese food before and was excited to try it. However, the food she ate gave her bad food poisoning. Now whenever her friends eat Vietnamese food around her, she feels sick to her stomach. According to classical conditioning, what is the name of this phenomena?
Conditioned taste aversion
Amisha is reading while on a cruise ship. There is music playing and she can smell the chlorine from a nearby pool. After some time, Amisha begins to feel sick due to the movement of the ship. Which of the following stimuli is likely to make her feel queasy at a later time?
The smell of the pool
To try and prevent aversion to other foods while undergoing chemotherapy, patients use a “scapegoat food” with a specific taste and smell, and they eat that food before every treatment. According to classical conditioning, what is the name of the phenomena that best describes this technique?
Blocking
When potty training his daughter, peter gave her an m&m every time she completed a task that was closer to the desired behavior. First, she said “potty” and peter gave her an m&m. The next time she said “potty,” she did not receive a reward. This prompted her to try another tactic, which was touching the potty. Peter said “good job!” And gave her an m&m. This continued until his daughter was able to use the potty on her own. According to operant conditioning, what is the name of this phenomena?
Shaping
In the example prior, what would the m&m be an example of?
Positive reinforcement
Bill was at work and developed a splitting headache. He took some Advil and began to feel better. What is this an example of?
Negative reinforcement
When Sarahs daughter tried to run into the street without holding her hand, Sarah pulled her daughter aside and very firmly said “no!” What is this an example of?
Positive punishment
While the class was playing duck, duck, goose, Randy stuck out his leg and tripped his classmate who was “it” and tapping the other classmates on the head. Randy’s teacher then made him sit in time-out for the rest of the game. What is this an example of?
Negative punishment
According to Thorndike’s “law of effect,” how does trial-and-error learning result in behaviors that achieve our objectives?
Behaviors that yield good outcomes become more likely, whereas those that yield bad outcomes become less likely.
What type of reinforcer would food be considered?
Primary reinforcer
What type of reinforcer would money be considered?
Secondary reinforcer
While on ring road, Delaney notices tons of clubs and organizations promoting themselves using unique strategies. The campus writing center has a banner that says “want to get better grades?” While the tennis team is giving away cupcakes that look like tennis balls. Which club is using a primary reinforcer and which is using a secondary reinforcer.
The campus writing center: secondary
The tennis team: primary
Josh’s grandma told him that he could not have any dessert until he finishes his vegetables. What is this an example of?
The Premack principle
When applying the Premack principle to animals, who cannot clearly identify their own preferences, what assumption would be necessary for the principle to be effective?
The frequent behavior that is used as a reinforcer is something that the animal is motivated to engage in
Lily’s favorite boba place is Boba time. This is because they provide her with a card that allows her to get one free boba when she purchases 10. Lily has purchased 9 boba’s so far, and therefore knows she will receive a free boba after her next purchase. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
Fixed-ratio
Grace is selling Girl Scout cookies. She is going door to door and asking people if they would like to purchase some. Unfortunately, many people have already purchased girl scout cookies from friends or family members. However, Grace knows that if she keeps going door-to-door, she will eventually have a customer. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable-ratio
George is late for work and needs to take the elevator to his office. The elevator at his building is unpredictable with how fast or slow it will be. George keeps pressing the “up” button, but knows that no matter how many times he presses it, the elevator will arrive when it wants to. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable-interval
Carrie hates her job. The only thing that is keeping her from quitting is the joy she gets when she gets paid every two weeks. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
Fixed-interval
B.F skinner trained pigs to deposit large coins into a piggy bank using operant conditioning. However, after some time the pigs began to drop the large coins onto the ground and push them around with their snouts. What is this an example of?
Instinctive drift
Whenever Sally went to the pizza place with the arcade, her father would give her 4 coins to put into the toy dispensing machines. Sally was excited every time because she knew that she would get 4 toys. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
Continuous reinforcement schedule
What are fixed-interval, fixed-ratio, variable-interval, variable-ratio examples of?
Partial reinforcement schedules
Serena Williams believed tying her shoelaces in the same way, using the same shower before every match, and bouncing the ball 5 times before the first serve and twice before the second makes her win her matches. What is this an example of?
Superstitious conditioning
What was the phenomenon presented in Edward Tolman’s experiments with the rats in the maze? (Lazy rats did almost as good as the partially reinforced and continuously reinforced rats)
Latent learning
Wolfgang Kohler studied which phenomena in his experiment involving the puzzle-solving skills of chimpanzees in which they were able to learn by assessing their options rather than by trial-and-error?
Insight learning
Albert Bandura explored what type of learning with his bobo doll experiment?
Observational learning
When Judy watches someone brushing their teeth, her brain exhibits a similar response to the person who is brushing their teeth. Why is this?
Mirror neurons
As children, we all learn how to speak from our parents. What type of cultural transmission is this?
Vertical transmission
In middle school, Ally was made fun of by her peers for wearing hand-me-downs, and she asked her mom if she could purchase more acceptable clothes that fit within fashion trends. What type of cultural transmission is this?
Horizontal transmission
