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P 11B > Lecture Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Lecture Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Thinking

A

Mental activities (conscious and non conscious) used to form judgements, reason, evaluate, solve problems, and act

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2
Q

What is thinking intimately tied to?

A

Learning, memory, and emotion

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3
Q

How do we study thinking?

A

Content of thoughts: mental representation

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4
Q

Types of mental representation

A

Analog, symbolic

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5
Q

Analog

A

Capture some characteristics of that which they represent

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6
Q

Symbolic

A

Bear none of the characteristics of that which they represent

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7
Q

T/F: organization is shaped by experience

A

True

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8
Q

Symbols

A

Simple (ex. beer and wine)
Complex: (ex. weekend out means drinking and driving which is dangerous)

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9
Q

Cognitive economizing

A

Once node is activated, similar/linked info also activates

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10
Q

Ways of using information

A

Problem solving and decision making

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11
Q

Problem-solving

A

Identifying what steps need to be taken or what needs to be done to achieve a desired outcome

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12
Q

Decision-making

A

Using existing knowledge/evidence to make decisions about an action

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13
Q

What should we do when making decisions?

A

Weigh all potential outcomes, assess likelihood of each outcome, and assess risk of each outcome

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14
Q

T/F: we don’t rely on shortcuts to make decisions

A

False

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15
Q

T/F: we use symbols to fill in gaps when info is missing

A

True

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16
Q

Do we like having options?

A

Yes lol

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17
Q

Are more options better for decision making?

A

Naur (no)

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18
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Using ease of retrieval to generate frequency estimates

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19
Q

When are availability heuristics common?

A

When decisions rely on evaluations of frequency

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20
Q

T/F: we can remember all situations but still use availability heuristics to form conclusions

A

False, we use availability heuristics because we cannot remember all situations

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21
Q

Are availability heuristics immune from errors?

A

No

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22
Q

Example of availability heuristic

A

Doctors who encounter an unusual illness are more likely to order tests for that illness on other patients following that patient

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23
Q

Language building blocks

A

Phonemes, morphemes, syntax, prosody, and pragmatics

24
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest unit of sound

25
Q

How many phonemes do most languages contain?

A

A few dozen

26
Q

T/F: all phonemes overlap across languages

A

False

27
Q

How do we study what babies know?

A

Babies will suck more on a pacifier when interested and when they are less interested they will stop sucking. Known as the “habituation paradigm”

28
Q

Who can perceive most and perhaps all phonemes sound in human language?

A

Infants

29
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest meaningful combination of sounds in a language

30
Q

Words

A

Arbitrary symbols with referents or meanings assigned to them by users

31
Q

Syntax

A

Rules of how you put morphemes together to form meaning

32
Q

T/F: syntax does depend on meaning

A

False, it depends on rules and organization

33
Q

Prosody

A

Melody to convey meaning

34
Q

What is it called when we speak to infants and dogs in a higher pitched voice?

A

Parentese

35
Q

Pragmatics

A

Rules regarding how we use language to get what we want

36
Q

T/F: pragmatics differs among cultures

A

True

37
Q

Our ability to learn language is due to _______

A

More nature than nurture

38
Q

Is cognitive economizing good?

A

Yes

39
Q

Within each building block there is

A

comprehension component and production component

40
Q

How do we combine and use the blocks to convey and understand meaning?

A

Semantics

41
Q

2 main theories about how we learn meaning and reference

A

Definitional Theory of Meaning, Prototype Theory of Meaning

42
Q

Definitional Theory of Meaning

A

The full meaning of each word is captured by required set of features

43
Q

Prototype Theory of Meaning

A

The members of a set or category that captures the greatest number of category features is used as word exemplar

44
Q

Advantages of Definitional Theory of Meaning

A

A thing either fits or doesn’t fit the definition, no in-between

45
Q

Disadvantages of Definitional Theory of Meaning

A

doesn’t capture the fact that some members are better exemplars of category than others

46
Q

Advantages of Prototype Theory of Meaning

A

provides insight into how we conceive of overlapping ideas and objects

47
Q

Disadvantages of the Prototype Theory of Meaning

A

many words have no clear mental images or prototype but still have meaning

48
Q

What do kids know very early on in development?

A

Recursion

49
Q

Recursion

A

the combination of sentences into one

50
Q

Reference

A

each word stands for something

51
Q

Semantic Underextension

A

Daddy refers only to my father and school refers only to my sisters classroom

52
Q

Semantic Overextension

A

Making the meaning too broad
Ex. fly = all small insects

53
Q

Syntactic Overregularization

A

Kicked, played → goed
Dogs, cats → sheeps

54
Q

How do children learn language from a nurture perspective?

A

Imitation and conditioning

55
Q

How do children learn language from a nature perspective?

A

We are born with an innate capacity to acquire language

P 11B (11 decks)

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