Lecture Chapter 8

Question 1

Thinking

Answer 1

Mental activities (conscious and non conscious) used to form judgements, reason, evaluate, solve problems, and act

Question 2

What is thinking intimately tied to?

Answer 2

Learning, memory, and emotion

Question 3

How do we study thinking?

Answer 3

Content of thoughts: mental representation

Question 4

Types of mental representation

Answer 4

Analog, symbolic

Question 5

Analog

Answer 5

Capture some characteristics of that which they represent

Question 6

Symbolic

Answer 6

Bear none of the characteristics of that which they represent

Question 7

T/F: organization is shaped by experience

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Symbols

Answer 8

Simple (ex. beer and wine)
Complex: (ex. weekend out means drinking and driving which is dangerous)

Question 9

Cognitive economizing

Answer 9

Once node is activated, similar/linked info also activates

Question 10

Ways of using information

Answer 10

Problem solving and decision making

Question 11

Problem-solving

Answer 11

Identifying what steps need to be taken or what needs to be done to achieve a desired outcome

Question 12

Decision-making

Answer 12

Using existing knowledge/evidence to make decisions about an action

Question 13

What should we do when making decisions?

Answer 13

Weigh all potential outcomes, assess likelihood of each outcome, and assess risk of each outcome

Question 14

T/F: we don’t rely on shortcuts to make decisions

Answer 14

False

Question 15

T/F: we use symbols to fill in gaps when info is missing

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Do we like having options?

Answer 16

Yes lol

Question 17

Are more options better for decision making?

Answer 17

Naur (no)

Question 18

Availability heuristic

Answer 18

Using ease of retrieval to generate frequency estimates

Question 19

When are availability heuristics common?

Answer 19

When decisions rely on evaluations of frequency

Question 20

T/F: we can remember all situations but still use availability heuristics to form conclusions

Answer 20

False, we use availability heuristics because we cannot remember all situations

Question 21

Are availability heuristics immune from errors?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Example of availability heuristic

Answer 22

Doctors who encounter an unusual illness are more likely to order tests for that illness on other patients following that patient

Question 23

Language building blocks

Answer 23

Phonemes, morphemes, syntax, prosody, and pragmatics

Question 24

Phonemes

Answer 24

Smallest unit of sound

Question 25

How many phonemes do most languages contain?

Answer 25

A few dozen

Question 26

T/F: all phonemes overlap across languages

Answer 26

False

Question 27

How do we study what babies know?

Answer 27

Babies will suck more on a pacifier when interested and when they are less interested they will stop sucking. Known as the “habituation paradigm”

Question 28

Who can perceive most and perhaps all phonemes sound in human language?

Answer 28

Infants

Question 29

Morpheme

Answer 29

The smallest meaningful combination of sounds in a language

Question 30

Words

Answer 30

Arbitrary symbols with referents or meanings assigned to them by users

Question 31

Syntax

Answer 31

Rules of how you put morphemes together to form meaning

Question 32

T/F: syntax does depend on meaning

Answer 32

False, it depends on rules and organization

Question 33

Prosody

Answer 33

Melody to convey meaning

Question 34

What is it called when we speak to infants and dogs in a higher pitched voice?

Answer 34

Parentese

Question 35

Pragmatics

Answer 35

Rules regarding how we use language to get what we want

Question 36

T/F: pragmatics differs among cultures

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Our ability to learn language is due to _______

Answer 37

More nature than nurture

Question 38

Is cognitive economizing good?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

Within each building block there is

Answer 39

comprehension component and production component

Question 40

How do we combine and use the blocks to convey and understand meaning?

Answer 40

Semantics

Question 41

2 main theories about how we learn meaning and reference

Answer 41

Definitional Theory of Meaning, Prototype Theory of Meaning

Question 42

Definitional Theory of Meaning

Answer 42

The full meaning of each word is captured by required set of features

Question 43

Prototype Theory of Meaning

Answer 43

The members of a set or category that captures the greatest number of category features is used as word exemplar

Question 44

Advantages of Definitional Theory of Meaning

Answer 44

A thing either fits or doesn't fit the definition, no in-between

Question 45

Disadvantages of Definitional Theory of Meaning

Answer 45

doesn’t capture the fact that some members are better exemplars of category than others

Question 46

Advantages of Prototype Theory of Meaning

Answer 46

provides insight into how we conceive of overlapping ideas and objects

Question 47

Disadvantages of the Prototype Theory of Meaning

Answer 47

many words have no clear mental images or prototype but still have meaning

Question 48

What do kids know very early on in development?

Answer 48

Recursion

Question 49

Recursion

Answer 49

the combination of sentences into one

Question 50

Reference

Answer 50

each word stands for something

Question 51

Semantic Underextension

Answer 51

Daddy refers only to my father and school refers only to my sisters classroom

Question 52

Semantic Overextension

Answer 52

Making the meaning too broad Ex. fly = all small insects

Question 53

Syntactic Overregularization

Answer 53

Kicked, played → goed Dogs, cats → sheeps

Question 54

How do children learn language from a nurture perspective?

Answer 54

Imitation and conditioning

Question 55

How do children learn language from a nature perspective?

Answer 55

We are born with an innate capacity to acquire language