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P 11B > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The ability to store and retrieve information in order to facilitate learning.

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2
Q

Encoding

A

The process of taking information from the world, including our internal thoughts and feelings, and converting it to memories

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3
Q

Storage

A

The maintenance of information in the brain for later access

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of bringing to mind previously encoded and stored information

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5
Q

Multistore model of memory

A

A model proposing that information flows from our senses through three storage levels of memory: sensory, short-term, and long-term

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6
Q

Sensory memory

A

A storage level of memory that holds sensory information on the order of milliseconds to seconds

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7
Q

Short-term memory

A

A storage level of memory where information can be held briefly, from seconds to less than a minute

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8
Q

Long-term memory

A

A storage level of memory where information can be held for hours to many years and potentially a lifetime

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9
Q

Iconic memory

A

A rapidly decaying store of visual sensory information

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10
Q

Echoic memory

A

A rapidly decaying store of auditory sensory information

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11
Q

Neural persistence

A

Continued activity in neurons after a stimulus ceases, which rapidly fades

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12
Q

Chunking

A

The process of grouping stimuli together in chunks in working memory to increase the amount of information stored in short-term memory

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13
Q

Post-categorical

A

Information is processed to the degree we understand what category of object we are sensing

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14
Q

Working memory

A

A component of memory that allows for both the short-term storage and manipulation of information in real life time

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15
Q

Rehearsal

A

The holding of information in the brain through mental repitition

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16
Q

Central executive

A

The control center that works with sensory stores

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17
Q

Levels of processing

A

The multiple levels at which encoding can occur, ranging from shallow to deep

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18
Q

Shallow encoding

A

Encoding based on sensory characteristics, such as how something looks or sounds

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19
Q

Deep encoding

A

Encoding based on an event’s meaning as well as connections between the new event and past experience

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20
Q

Elaboration

A

Associations between new information and old information already represented in your brain

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21
Q

Semantic encoding

A

A form of deep encoding which operated on the meaning of events and yields better memory than merely processing what a stimulus sounds or looks like

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22
Q

Self-referential encoding

A

Encoding based on an event’s relation to our self-concept, which leads to enhanced memory for the event

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23
Q

Explicit (declarative) memory

A

A form of memory that involves intentional and conscious remembering

24
Q

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

A

A form of memory that occurs without intentional recollection or awareness and can be measured indirectly through the influence of prior learning on behavior

25
Q

Hippocampus

A

Specializes in the formation of explicit memories

26
Q

Procedural memory

A

A type of implicit memory related to the acquisition of skills

27
Q

Priming

A

The increased ability to process a stimulus because of previous exposure

28
Q

Affective conditioning

A

A form of conditioning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires positive or negative value

29
Q

Episodic memory

A

The explicit recollection of personal experience that requires piecing together the elements of that time and place

30
Q

Semantic memory

A

Explicit memory supporting knowledge about the world, including concepts and facts

31
Q

Semantic dementia

A

The loss of memory for meaning in both verbal and nonverbal domains following progressive degenerative disorders

32
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Memory for things we have done in the past

33
Q

Prospective memory

A

Memory for things we need to do in the future

34
Q

Consolidation

A

The process whereby memory storage is integrated and becomes stable in the brain

35
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Re activation of consolidation by retrieving a memory, making the memory susceptible to change

36
Q

Brain connectome project

A

The ultimate goal of this project is to study each neuron in the human brain and its connections, but neuroscientists are still working toward achieving this lofty goal

37
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

A mechanism that creates enduring synaptic connections, which results in increased transmission between neurons

38
Q

Urbach-Wiethe Syndrome

A

A rare genetic condition in which the brain never develops an amygdala

39
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

A vivid memory for an emotionally significant event, thought to be permanent and detailed, as if frozen in time like a photograph

40
Q

Free recall

A

Accessing information from memory without any cues to aid your retrieval

41
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Information related to stored memories that helps bring the memories back to mind

42
Q

Cued recall

A

A form of recall that is facilitated by providing information related to the stored memory

43
Q

Recognition

A

A form of retrieval that relies on identifying previously seen or experienced behavior

44
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

The idea that retrieval is best when the present context recreates the context in which information was initially encoded

45
Q

State-dependent retrieval

A

The increased likelihood of remembering when a person is in the same state during both encoding and retrieval

46
Q

Mood-dependent retrieval

A

The increased likelihood of remembering when a person is in the same mood during both encoding and retrieval

47
Q

Forgetting curve

A

The retention of information over various delay times

48
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

49
Q

Proactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

50
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

A failure to retrieve information despite confidence that it is stored in memory

51
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Willful forgetting of information so that it is less likely to be retrieved later

52
Q

Misinformation effect

A

The decreased accuracy of episodic memories because of information provided after the event

53
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

The inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories from the first few years of life

54
Q

Reminiscence bump

A

A time of prominent memory making between adolescence and early adulthood

55
Q

Spacing effect

A

The enhanced ability to remember information when encoding is distributed over time

P 11B (11 decks)

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