Test Yourself Chapter 8 Flashcards by Colleen Quigley

What term best describes wandering thoughts

Cognition

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T/F: people know what they’re thinking about at every given moment

False

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We have have images of what a unicorn looks like in our mind. What is this called?

Mental representation

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What type of concept is demonstrated when one child has a similar nose and chin as their father, and a second child has the fathers nose and eyes but their mothers chin?

Family resemblance

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T/F: things that are more different from a prototype can be challenging to identify

True

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Consider the concept of “sharks.” How would the category of “hammerhead sharks” relate to it?

Subordinate concept

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What type of problem is demonstrated when asked the question: what English word can be produced by rearranging the letters MPORLEB?

Well-defined problems

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Solving the climate crisis of finding a job for next summer are examples of what type of problem is this?

Ill-defined problem

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Solving a Rubix cube uses what kind of problem solving technique?

Algorithms

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What is it called when you have an “aha” moment

Insight

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T/F: being in a good mood makes insight more likely

True

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You need to calculate your yearly income by multiplying your weekly paycheck by 52. Unfortunately, you don’t have a calculator handy, so you multiply the numbers on paper like you did back in school. What kind of procedure are you using to solve your problem?

An algorithm

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What concept is demonstrated when many medical professionals drew on their evidence based understanding of how to prevent influenza when explaining how to prevent the spread of COVID-19

Mental set

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In the game of hearts, the Queen of Spades is almost always a card you want to get rid of. Darna is a champion Hearts player, but she has just begin playing poker. Despite queens being good card to hold onto in poker, Dana’s instincts tell her to discard the Queen of Spades whenever it is dealt to her. Dana’s prior experience with Hearts is influencing her poker-playing through what mechanism?

Mental set

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T/F: we have unlimited attention, memory, and processing power

False

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Serafina is applying to colleges. However, she is interested in dozens of colleges-so far too many to invest the time and money to apply to. According to _______, her best bet is to deliberately arrow her pool to a smaller number of options, based on the limited information she has about each college.

Bounded rationality

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Your belief that your roommate is a slob may mean that you notice when she leaves dirty dishes in the sink while failing to acknowledge that she takes out the trash twice a week. What is this belief an example of?

Confirmation bias (and the belief perseverance it causes)

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Advertisers routinely exploit the affect heuristic to influence the decisions of consumers. Which of the following techniques would use positive affect to improve a consumers chances of buying a product?

Showing physically attractive people using the product

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A debate is organized and the audience is evenly divided with respect to which side they agree with. Assuming both debaters have roughly equal skill, what is the likely outcome for the audience?

They will tend to leave the debate even more persuaded of their prior views than when they arrived

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A common sales technique is the “door-in-the-face” technique. To use this technique, the seller first quotes a price that is outlandishly high, knowing the customer will almost certainly refuse. They then follow up with a second, much more reasonable price. Why is this technique usually more successful than simply naming the more reasonable price up front?

The first price changes the customer’s reference point, so the lower price seems like huge savings

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After a closely contested election, a friend tells you that he did not vote because he knew ahead of time who would win. When pressed, he responds, “Well, I was right, wasn’t I?” What effect likely contributes to your friend’s current certainty about how he felt on Election Day?

Hindsight bias

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In the phrase “weeping willow,” “ing” is an example of what component of language?

Morpheme

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Complete the following statement in the way that would be most consistent with Whorf’s hypothesis of linguistic determinism: “Someone who has never learned any words pertaining to or describing sadness….

…will not experience sadness”

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Which language-related ability usually develops first in young children?

Being able to distinguish between the phonemes of all languages

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What is a sentence that demonstrates overregularization?

“In my dream I catched two gooses!”

What unique feature of Nicaraguan sign language (NSL), used by deaf children in Nicaragua, gives us special insight into how language is learned?

It arose spontaneously, invented by deaf children who had no adult teachers

In the context of language acquisition, what best describes the “sensitive period”?

A window during which language acquisition is facilitated

What is theorized to be a component(s) of Spearman’s general intelligence factor, g?

Fluid intelligence, Crystallized intelligence

Under the testing paradigm or Binet and Simon, what would it mean for a boy to take a standardized test and to have a mental age of 8 years, but a physical age of 9 years?

The boy’s performance is comparable to that of an average 8-year-old on the same test

Ariadne has her intelligence measured using the WAIS as part of a scientific study. Three months later, she is recruited by the same lab to participate in a second study. With her permission, they reuse her WAIS scores from the first study rather than readministering the test. On what grounds can this decision be justified?

Reliability

Lexi is frustrated because she feels as though she knows the material after studying, but her nerves get the better of her in testing situations. What specific element of her experience should she work on reducing in order to do better on tests?

Worry

In a large-scale study comparing siblings across many families, a scientist finds that intelligence (as measured with a standardized test) appears to have a heritability of .38 after controlling for family wealth. How should she interpret this result?

When looking at the population as a whole, 38 percent of the variation in score differences is explained by differences in genes

In both human and animal studies, what statement best describes the relationship between intelligence test scored and the environment in which the subject develops?

Enrichment improves scores, whereas impoverishment diminishes them

Qiang disliked his math teachers in high school and struggled with the subject. As a college student, he plans to take no math classes, saying, “There would be no point, because I’m not a math person.” What does Qiang’s attitude toward math reflect?

Fixed mindset

While attending a new college class you sit down next to a classmate who is a cisgender woman. If you had to guess, which would you say was more likely: that she plays varsity basketball or lives a sedentary lifestyle? Most people would assume she is sedentary due to likelihood. But what if this stranger was over six feet tall and wearing athletic pants and a track jacket? Now what would be your best guess? What does this represent?

Representativeness heuristic

Which do you think causes more deaths in the United States each year: lightning or flood? When participants in a study by Lichtenstein and colleagues (1978) were asked this question, about 85 percent said flood, and they were right. What does this represent?

Availability heuristic

T/F: availability heuristic can spark irrational fears

True

Quite often the idea that we “decided in favor of X” is no different than we “liked X”... We buy the car we like, choose the jobs and houses we find “attractive,” and then justify these choices by various reasons. What does this represent?

Affect heuristic

T/F: students were less likely to choose vegetables if they were names with taste-focused labels compared to basic labels

False

What type of bias is documented in the way police interrogators, judges, eyewitnesses, and forensic experts in criminal justice cases approach a case?

Confirmation bias

Why do people’s decisions shift so dramatically with framing?

Loss aversion

T/F: what counts as a gain or loss depends on one’s reference point

True

What type of bias is presented when misjudging how long it would take you to complete an assignment or study for a test?

Overconfidence bias

What bias is presented with the saying “hindsight is 20/20?”

Hindsight bias

T/F: overconfidence might improve a person’s mental health, increase their motivation, and even give them a social advantage

True

The word “dog” is composed of the sounds that “d” “o” and “g” make. What unit of language is this?

Phoneme

What unit of language include words and also word parts like prefixes and suffixes that change a words meaning?

Morphemes

What grammatical rule would the example that adjectives need to go before the nouns they are describing be?

Syntax

T/F: grammatical rules don’t change over time even as communities develop new ideas and ways to communicate

False

T/F: pragmatics is an aspect of language that does not vary across languages and different communities

False

Who are considered the “universal” listeners and producers of speech sounds?

Infants

At what age are young babies able to determine where the words in speech begin and end?

Before their first birthday

What age have children typically mastered enough words to start putting together two-word utterances?

Two years old

What age are children able to speak very much like adults?

5 years old

T/F: research suggests that babies are able to hear their parents’ and others’ voices in the womb and begin learning some features of their native language before birth

True

Who is Isabelle?

A girl who received little attention from her deaf and emotionally indifferent mother. At age 6 she was brought into a normal environment and learned to speak as well as her peers within a year

Who is Genie?

A child discovered at the age of 14 who had lived her life tied to a chair since 20 months old. She was brought in and taught to learn the basics of language, yet was never able to produce elaborate sentences or used functions like “a” and “the”

T/F: the age of acquiring ASL also affects the brain

True

What type or general intelligence would knowing how to sign up for college classes be?

Crystallized intelligence

T/F: intelligence is best understood to be a single general ability rather than a collection of separate and specific abilities

False, it is both

What event happened which made major progress in the development of intelligence tests?

A law that was passed in France in the early 1900s that required all children to attend school

T/F: the Stanford-Binet intelligence test was used to justify forced medical sterilizations of people considered intellectually “deficient”

True

What type of test is the ACT?

Achievement test

What type of test is the SAT?

Aptitude test

T/F: IQ does not predict success in the workplace

False

Why did Black college students perform significantly worse on a set of verbal problems when they believed their verbal intelligence was being tested, compared with a condition in which they believed the problems were part of a simple laboratory exercise?

Stereotype threat

T/F: nature is most important when considering differences in intelligence in comparison to nurture, which has little effect

False, they both play a significant role

What profession is best for those with Verbal-linguistic intelligence?

Poet, journalist

What profession is best for those with logical-mathematical intelligence?

Scientist, mathematician

What profession is best for those with visual-spatial intelligence?

Navigator, sculptor

What profession is best for those with bodily kinesthetic intelligence?

Dancer, athlete

What profession is best for those with musical intelligence?

Composer, violinist

What profession is best for those with naturalistic intelligence?

Biologist, chef

What profession is best for those with interpersonal intelligence?

Therapist, salesperson

What best describes those with intrapersonal intelligence?

Any person with detailed, accurate self-knowledge