Test Yourself Chapter 7 Flashcards
Why would a chimpanzee choose to find food using a different path from the one he saw a venomous snake on in the past?
Memory
Taking good notes during a lecture. What memory function is this an analogy of?
Encoding
Whether or not ink fades on a piece of paper. What memory function is this an analogy of?
Storage
Being able to find your notes. What memory function is this an analogy of?
retrieval
An image of two circles connected by a line can be interpreted as either eyeglasses or a barbell depending on which label is given. What is the term to describe this?
Memory adaptation
Douglas is out drinking with his friends and becomes frustrated when he realizes that he cannot remember the name of his favorite teacher from grade school. The next day, after he has sobered up, he easily remembers the teacher’s name. Which aspect of Douglas’ memory was disrupted in this example?
Retrieval
What memory function occurs between perceiving a stimulus and accessing that information during retrieval later?
Storage
What neurological disease involves impaired short-term memory but intact long-term memory?
Parkinson’s disease
What neurological disease involves impaired short-term memory and long-term memory?
Alzheimer’s disease
What supports long-term memories of specific people?
A collection of neurons in the medial temporal lobe
Yaqui has just had a phone number whispered in his ear by someone he finds attractive. He knows that he has just a few moments to type that number into his phone before he forgets it. According to the multistore model of memory, what kind of memory is Yaqui relying on to retain the digits long enough to get them into his phone??
Short-term memory
True or false: echoic memory is known to have a longer duration than iconic memory
True
What is the term to describe the brief retention of sensory impressions?
Neural persistence: They remain active for a fraction of a second after the input stops
How many items in verbal short-term memory can we hold at a time?
7
Why is D O G C A T B I R D easier to remember over D R I B T A C G D O?
Chunking
What form of short-term memory would holding words in short-term memory be?
Phonological loop
What form of short-term memory would access to visual information be called?
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
What is the name for a task in which participants see or hear a sequence of digits and are asked to recall them in a sequence, with increasingly longer sequences being tested?
A digit-span task
Certain sequences of numbers (ex. 123456789) are easier to maintain in working memory than others (ex. 534869713). What feature of working memory explains this difference?
It is post categorical
What is the name of the man who had his temporal lobes removed due to epilepsy, destroying his ability to convert new experiences into long-term memories?
Henry Molaison (H.M)
What form of amnesia did Henry (H.M) have?
Anterograde amnesia
Following a severe viral infection, Lusine discovers that she suffers from severe retrograde amnesia. These symptoms gradually subside, but while they are affecting her memory, what sort of recall would Lusine have difficulty with?
Remembering events from before the infection took hold
Why would you remember someone’s name if they say something smart rather than just looking smart?
Deep processing
Why does the meaning of the words in a rap song make the song more memorable?
It connects with the listeners brain in a deeper, more meaningful way
Why do you remember embarrassing moments when you would rather just forget them?
Self-referential encoding
Suppose you are taking a political science course and are trying to learn the exact timeline of major events in the 2012 U.S. presidential election. Many things happened, and it would be easy to get the order of those events confused. What exercise is likely to produce the best recall for this problem?
For each major event, write paragraph about what was happening in your own life around that date and how those things compare
What type of long-term memory involves intentional and conscious remembering?
Explicit memory
What type of long-term memory occurs without intentional recollection or awareness and can be measured indirectly through the influence of prior learning on behavior?
Implicit memory
What type(s) of amnesia did Clive Wearing suffer from?
Retrograde and anterograde amnesia
True or false: Clive Wearing was able to remember his wife’s name, but struggles to play the violin even though he was an accomplished musician
False
Why was Clive Wearing able to play the violin without ever remembering how to do so?
Procedural memories
What type of implicit memory is demonstrated when providing people with a long list of words and then later presenting them with word stems of what they saw?
Priming
As a small child, Romina played a video game in an arcade. Many years later, as an adult, she encounters the same game again but has no memory of having played it before. Despite not recognizing the game, she does extremely well, anticipating its surprises and nearly beating it on her first try. What kind of implicit memory is Romina benefiting from in this example?
Procedural memory
What type of explicit memory would you be using if you were recalling what you ate for lunch the day prior?
Episodic memory
What type of explicit memory is being used if you know that the capital of the United States is Washington DC, but you cannot remember where you learned it?
Semantic memory
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?
Remembering (episodic) vs knowing (semantic)
True or False: You remember less material in school with a damaged hippocampus in comparison to those with a functional hippocampus
False
True or false: Patient K.C. was able to remember the day his brother drowned even though he suffered from anterograde and retrograde amnesia
True
Why can some senior citizens no longer provide many details about their past and also struggle with recalling future events?
Loss of retrospective and prospective memory
Suppose you are trying to remember specific memories. What is an example of a semantic memory?
The calendar date of your father’s birthday
True or false: it is impossible to consolidate memories in your sleep
False
What facilitates the consolidation of long-term memory?
Deep sleep
True or false: slow breathing enhances memory
True
What is shorthand way to state the theory known as the Hebbian theory?
Cells that fire together, wire together
What happens in the brain to cause a sea slug to retract its gills faster and more aggressively when receiving a second shock with a short delay after the original shock?
Strengthened connections at the synapses between sensory and motor neurons
What change to the way neurons behave is typically associated with long-term potentiation (LTP)?
The postsynaptic cell becomes more sensitive to stimulation
Why do stress hormones help increase LTP, making emotional memories last?
Arousal, whether induced by emotions or exercise, enhances long-term memory for neutral events that were presented just prior
People remember highly emotional public events such as 911 very vividly. What type of memory is this?
Flashbulb memory
True or false: scientists found that if you gave people lists of words from multiple categories, they did just as well as those who were given retrieval cues when trying to retrieve the words from their memory.
False
What type of recall would a fill-in-the-blank test use?
Cued recall
What type of recall would a multiple-choice test use?
Recognition
Test-prep training courses train students to identify types of questions to choose strategies for how to solve the problem. What kind(s) of memory does this approach rely on?
Recognition
True or false: if you only study for an exam in your favorite seat of the library, your memory retrieval cues for the exam are left back in the library
True
If you study for an exam after a few drinks, you will actually remember the information better if you also drink before you take the exam. What type of retrieval is this?
State-dependent retrieval
When I feel happy I’m more likely to recall a happy memory. When I feel sad I’m more likely to recall a sad memory. What type of retrieval is this?
Mood-dependent retrieval
What is an example of a situation in which shallow processing can be better than deep processing?
When your retrieval invokes the same shallow mental retrieval process that took place originally at encoding
Why do people struggle to retrieve information on an exam even when they studied well for it?
When a cue other than the one used to study is given on the exam, you cannot retrieve the correct information
Magda is a lawyer who has worked for years in a windowless, fluorescent-lit office. As a treat to herself, she rents a seaside cottage and works remotely fora week. Should she expect to find recalling this information easier or harder at the cottage, and why?
She encoded those facts while in the context of her office, so retrieving them in a different context would be harder
What did Herman Ebbinghaus discover?
Primacy and recency effects in memory
Why does memory fade with time?
Trace decay theory
Why would it be easier for a manager to remember a specific customer over a cashier who interacts with every customer who enters the store?
Because the manager only speaks to customers when a manager is called, while the cashier takes so many more calls in comparison which makes any single call harder to remember
What type of forgetting is used in the repression of traumatic memories?
Motivated forgetting
What is it called when information never makes it to long-term memory?
Encoding failure
Why does our memory get worse as we get older?
Decreased selective attention, influencing what gets into memory more than what has fallen out
You witness a bank robbery and see the car but can only remember what the back of the car looks like and not the license plate. What would it take for you to remember the license plate during police questioning?
You will probably never remember the plate because you never encoded it
True or false: participants exposed to misinformation were more likely to report seeing something that was not there over those who weren’t
True
True or false: there is a boost in confidence associated with imagining the misleading information, referred to as imagination inflation
True
True or false: lack of DNA testing was the single greatest reason for a wrongful conviction among a sample of 250 cases
False, it is eyewitness misidentifications
You vividly recall an argument in which you were standing in your kitchen while you and your sister shouted at one another. However, your sister insists that the argument never happened and provides evidence that she was out of town that day (ok gaslighting lol). You are now forced to conclude that this was in fact a vivid dream. Assuming it was in fact a dream, what would this kind of memory error be an example of?
An error of reality monitoring
What exception is there to infantile amnesia?
Traumatic events
Hong and Jian are identical twins separated at birth. They live in different countries but their standard of living is the same throughout childhood. As adults, they both participate in a retrospective memory study before meeting for the first time. Jian is able to recall many more memories from early childhood in comparison to Hong. What accounts for this memory difference?
Jian’s family probably talked more about his childhood than Hong’s family did
What is the most effective learning strategy?
Self-testing (retrieval practice)
Lack of sleep, chronic stress, and cramming are all behaviors that are associated with both reduced test performance and poor retention of material after the semester has ended. Which process is being undermined by all three of these study habits?
Consolidation
