Chapter 9 Flashcards
Motives
An internal force that leads an individual to behave in a particular way
Instinct
A genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way
Homeostasis
The body’s tendency to maintain internal equilibrium through various forms of self-regulation
Pain matrix
A distributed network of brain regions, including the amygdala, that respond to many types of pain
Intrinsically rewarding
Being pursued for its own sake
Extrinsically rewarding
Being pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object
Glucostatic hypothesis
The hypothesis that hunger and eating are regulated by the body’s monitoring and adjustment of blood glucose levels
Lipostatic hypothesis
The hypothesis that adipose tissue plays an important role in governing hunger and regulating long-term energy balance
Body weight set point
The weight an organism will seek to maintain despite alterations in dietary intake
Metabolic rate
The rate at which the body uses energy
Unit bias
The amount of food that is regarded as a single serving
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting, sometimes to the point of self-starvation
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by repeated binge-and-purge bouts
Binge-eating disorder
An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of bing eating without inappropriate compensatory behavior
Body mass index
A measure of whether someone is at healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as one’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of one’s height in meters
Thrifty gene hypothesis
The evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favored individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage
Estrus
A female mammal’s period of sexual receptivity
Neurodevelopmental perspective
This perspective holds that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of the brain in early fetal development
Performance orientation
A motivational stance that focuses on performing well and looking smart
Mastery orientation
A motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving
Hierarchy of motives
The order in which needs are thought to become dominant. According to Abraham Maslow, people will strive to meet their higher-order needs, such as self-actualization and self-transcendence, only when their lower, more basic needs like food and safety have been met.
Self-actualization
The desire to realize one’s full potential
Self-transcendence
The desire to further a cause that goes beyond the self
Emotion
The coordinated behaviors, feelings, and physiological changes that occur when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals
Display rules
Cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion
Discrete emotions approach
An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on specific emotions such as anger, fear, and pride
Dimensional approach
An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on dimensions such as pleasantness and activation
Alexithymia
An extreme difficulty in identifying and labeling one’s emotions
Happiness set point
The level of happiness that is characteristic of a given individual
Adaptation
A phenomenon whereby an individual stops noticing a stimulus that remains constant over time, resulting in enhanced detection of stimulus changes.
James-Lange theory
The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is the awareness of one’s own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli.
Cannon-bard theory
The theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a particular response in the brain (in the thalamus), which then causes both the physiological changes associated with the emotion and the emotional experience itself.
Schachter-singer theory
The theory that emotion arises from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues
Empathy
The capacity to accurately track what others are feeling
Affect-as-information perspective
The idea that affective states play an important role in shaping problem-solving and decision making
Self-control
The attempt to modify automatic or “default” responses in a particular situation
Willpower
The ability to engage in self control
Strength model of ego control
According to this model, self-regulatory efforts draw on a finite pool of cognitive resources.
Repeated self-regulatory demands may deplete these resources, leading to failures of self-control. See also ego depletion.
Ego depletion
A state of diminished self-regulatory ability due to repeated demands on cognitive resources required for self-regulation. See also strength model of ego control.
Emotion regulation
An attempt to modify one or more aspects of the emotion-response trajectory
Reappraisal
A type of emotion regulation that involves altering the meaning of a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in order to alter one’s emotional response to that situation. See also suppression.
Suppression
A type of emotion regulation that involves inhibiting one’s ongoing emotion-expressive behavior. See also reappraisal
External environment
The one we usually mean when we talk about environment, includes other creatures with which the organism interacts
Internal environment
Includes the concentrations of various salts in the body’s fluids; the dissolved oxygen levels; and the quantities of nutrients like glucose, the sugar that most organisms use as their body’s main fuel
Drive
An internal state of biological and psychological tension brought about by deviations from homeostasis
Drive-reduction account of motivation
Drive calling forth behavior that reduces the drive and thus helps return the body to equilibrium
Incentives
Positive goals that we seek to achieve
Dual-center theory
The contrasting roles of the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamus where the lateral hypothalamus serves as the “go” center for eating, while the ventromedial hypothalamus serves as the “stop” center
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
A a peptide that releases a satiety signal from the intestinal tract which favors stopping eating
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
A peptide that releases a potent hunger-inducing signal from the hypothalamus which favors eating
Adipose cells
Fat cells; long-term energy resource
Leptin
Signals that there is plenty of fat in storage and there is no need to add more
Ghrelin
When fat stores are depleted, the stomach lining secretes this hormone which promotes eating
Binge eating
Eating a larger amount of food than is typical within a relatively brief time period
Compensatory behavior
The subsequent actions to try and ensure that the binge eating does not translate into weight gain
Libido
Sexual interest
Excitement phase
The first phase of the sexual response cycle, where heart rate and blood pressure increase, breathing quickens, and there is increased muscle tension and blood flow to the sexual organs
Plateau phase
The second phase of the sexual response cycle where heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension continue to rise, but more slowly
Orgasm phase
The third phase of the sexual response cycle characterized by heightened arousal and a series of rhythmic muscle contractions
Resolution phase
The final phase of the sexual response cycle when the heart rate and blood pressure drop and muscles relax
Fraternal birth order effect
States that compared to straight men, gay men are more likely to have older brothers, which each additional older brother increasing the likelihood of being gay by about 33%
Fixed mindset
People assume their abilities are relatively fixed and unlikely to change in the future
Growth mindset
People assume that their abilities can change and grow in response to new experiences or learning
Situation selection
Choosing to expose yourself to some situations (and not others) based in part on the emotional impact you expect the situation to have. For example, if you really like a friend who lives down the hall from you, you might make an extra point of walking by their room so you can chat with them, boosting your mood.
Situation modification
Changing one or more aspects of a situation you are in so it has a different emotional impact for you. For example, if you’re being distracted in class by a student who keeps watching YouTube, you can change seats to limit your annoyance.
Attentional deployment
Changing your attentional focus. For example, you can shift your attention to your plans for later in the evening if you’re feeling bored by a class presentation.
Cognitive change
Modifying your thinking to change how you feel. For example, if a friend doesn’t respond to your greeting, you can think about how preoccupied they must be, rather than thinking that they were blowing you off.
Response modulation
Changing one or more aspects of your emotional responses. For example, you might exaggerate your pleasure at receiving a gift from your parents, even when it’s not something you wanted.
