Chapter 9 Flashcards
Motives
An internal force that leads an individual to behave in a particular way
Instinct
A genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way
Homeostasis
The body’s tendency to maintain internal equilibrium through various forms of self-regulation
Pain matrix
A distributed network of brain regions, including the amygdala, that respond to many types of pain
Intrinsically rewarding
Being pursued for its own sake
Extrinsically rewarding
Being pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object
Glucostatic hypothesis
The hypothesis that hunger and eating are regulated by the body’s monitoring and adjustment of blood glucose levels
Lipostatic hypothesis
The hypothesis that adipose tissue plays an important role in governing hunger and regulating long-term energy balance
Body weight set point
The weight an organism will seek to maintain despite alterations in dietary intake
Metabolic rate
The rate at which the body uses energy
Unit bias
The amount of food that is regarded as a single serving
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting, sometimes to the point of self-starvation
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by repeated binge-and-purge bouts
Binge-eating disorder
An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of bing eating without inappropriate compensatory behavior
Body mass index
A measure of whether someone is at healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as one’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of one’s height in meters
Thrifty gene hypothesis
The evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favored individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage
Estrus
A female mammal’s period of sexual receptivity
Neurodevelopmental perspective
This perspective holds that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of the brain in early fetal development
Performance orientation
A motivational stance that focuses on performing well and looking smart
Mastery orientation
A motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving
Hierarchy of motives
The order in which needs are thought to become dominant. According to Abraham Maslow, people will strive to meet their higher-order needs, such as self-actualization and self-transcendence, only when their lower, more basic needs like food and safety have been met.
Self-actualization
The desire to realize one’s full potential
Self-transcendence
The desire to further a cause that goes beyond the self
Emotion
The coordinated behaviors, feelings, and physiological changes that occur when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals
Display rules
Cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion
Discrete emotions approach
An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on specific emotions such as anger, fear, and pride
Dimensional approach
An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on dimensions such as pleasantness and activation