Test One

Question 1

Confounding variable

Answer 1

When we know that an uncontrolled third variable is operating we can call the third variable a confounding variable

Question 2

Construct validity

Answer 2

Concerns sheathed our methods of studying variables are accurate

Does the operational definition of a variable actually reflect the true theoretical meaning of the variable

Question 3

Correlation coefficient

Answer 3

A numerical index of the strength of relationship between two variables

Question 4

Curvilinear relationship

Answer 4

Values of one variable are accompanied by systematic increases and decreases I. The values of the other variable

Direction of relationship changes at least once

This type of relationship is sometimes known as a nonmonotonic function

Question 5

Dependent variable

Answer 5

Variable that is measured

Question 6

Experimental control

Answer 6

Extraneous variables are kept constant

Any variable that is held constant cannot be a confounding variable

Question 7

Experimental method

Answer 7

Involves direct manipulation and control of variables

Question 8

External validity

Answer 8

Concerns wheather we can generalize the findings of a study to other populations and settings

Question 9

Field experiment

Answer 9

Conduct an experiment in a field setting

Question 10

Independent variable

Answer 10

Manipulated variable

Question 11

Internal validity

Answer 11

Refers to the accuracy of conclusions about a cause and effect

Question 12

Negative linear relationship

Answer 12

Variables can be negatively related

Increases in the values in one variable and decreases in the values of the other variable

Question 13

No experimental method

Correlational method

Answer 13

Relationships are studied by making observations or measures of the variables of interest

Ex-acting people to describe their behavior, directly observing behavior, recording psychological response, or examining various public records

Question 14

Operational definition

Answer 14

The set of procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable

Question 15

Participant variables

Answer 15

(Also called subject variables and personal attributes)

Characteristics of individuals such as age, gender, ethnic group, nationality, birth order, personality, or marital status

Question 16

Positive linear relationship

Answer 16

Increase in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable

Question 17

Randomization

Answer 17

Ensures that an extraneous variable is just as likely to affect one experimental group as it is to affect the other group

Question 18

Variables are placed on the ___axis labels from high to low

Answer 18

Horizontal

Question 19

Values of the second variable are labeled on the

Answer 19

Vertical axis

Question 20

When there is no relationship a graph is

Answer 20

A flat line

Question 21

Why are correlation coefficients important

Answer 21

We need to know how strong two variables relate to each other

Question 22

What does the term uncertainty imply

Answer 22

There is randomness in events

Scientist refer this to randomness variability by identifying systematic relationships that occur

Question 23

When would a variable no longer be random

Answer 23

If we can explain the variability

Ex-ask people to indicate gender when asking about social media use

Question 24

Relationship between class attendance and course grades is an example of

Answer 24

No experimental method

Question 25

A study when students thought a test was at high stake by one group having ministry payouts and the other not is an example of

Answer 25

Experimental method

Question 26

Correlation method

Answer 26

Examine if variables correlate or vary together

Question 27

When we actually know that an uncontrolled third variable is operating, we can call the third variable a

Answer 27

Confounding variable

Question 28

What does randomization ensure

Answer 28

Extraneous variable is just as likely to affect one experimental group as it is to affect the other group

Question 29

A study has high internal validity when

Answer 29

Strong inferences can be made that the be variable caused changes in another variable

Question 30

Strong internal validity requires an analysis of these three elements….

Answer 30

Must be temporal precedence

• the casual variable should come first
• manipulate independent variable and see if it has effect on preceding events

Covariation between the two variables
—participants in experiment setting have effect
-participants in control setting have no effect

Eliminate plausible alternative explanations from the observed relationship

Question 31

Questions regarding external validity

Answer 31

Can results of study be replicated with other erational definitions of the variables

Can results be replicated with different participantcan results be replicated in other settings

Question 32

Ethics and experimental method

Answer 32

Some things would be unethical like alcoholism and child emotional stability. We observe these things in natural settings instead

Question 33

Ex post facto design

Answer 33

Means after the fact

This is nonexperimental research because there is no random assignment to the groups and no manipulation

Question 34

Differences between experimental and no experimental method

Answer 34

experimental research lies in the extent to which the environment is controlled and manipulated by the researcher.

In experimental studies the researcher sets up the environment and carefully controls the variables s/he is interested in.

Non-experimental research takes place in a real-life setting, and it is not possible for the researcher to control all possible variables.

This means that it is harder to determine causality in non-experimental studies, but also that they tend to be more flexible and allow for a greater range of topics to be studied