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Research Methods > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Nominal scale

A

Variables have no numerical value

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2
Q

Ordinal scale

A

Levels exhibit minimal quantitative distinctions

Levels of variable being studied from lowest to highest

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3
Q

Interval scale

A

Levels are equal in size

No absolute zero

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4
Q

Ratio scale

A

Variables have both equal intervals and absolute zero point that indicates the absence of variable being measured

Has absolute zero point that indicates a dance of variable being measured

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5
Q

Three basic ways to describe results between relationship variables

A

Comparing group percentages

Correlating scores of individuals on two variables

Comparing group means

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6
Q

When describing nominal results you..

A

Compare group percentages

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7
Q

What type of analysis do you use when you do not have two distinct groups

A

Correlating individual scores

Individuals are measured on two variables

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8
Q

When using ratio scales (like score of aggression) what type of analysis do you use to describe the results

A

Comparing group means

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9
Q

Frequency distribution

A

Indicates the number of individuals who receive each possible score on a variable

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10
Q

Ways to graph frequency distribution

A

Pie chart

Bar graph

Frequency polygon

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11
Q

Pie charts

A

Divide into slices that represent percentages

Useful when representing nominal scale information

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12
Q

What type of chart do you use when describing nominal information

A

Pie

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13
Q

Bar graph

A

Use a separate and distinct bar for each piece of information

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14
Q

Frequency polygons

A

Use a line to represent the distribution of frequencies of scores

Most useful when the data represent interval or ratio scales

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15
Q

What type of chart to use for interval or ratio scales

A

Frequency polygon

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16
Q

Histogram

A

Uses bars to display a frequency distribution for a quantitative variable

Scale values are continuous and show increasing amounts on a variable such as age, blood pressure, or stress

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17
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Allows researchers to make precise statements about data

Two statistics are needed to describe data

One number used to describe central tendency

Another number used to describe variability (how widely distribution of scores is spread)

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18
Q

Centeral tendency

A

A statistic that tells us what the sample as a whole, or on average is like

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19
Q

What are the measures of centeral tendency

A

Mean

Median

Mode

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20
Q

Mean

A

Set of scores obtained by adding all the scores and dividing by the number of scores

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21
Q

When is a mean an appropriate indicator for centeral tendency

A

When scores are measured on an interval or ratio scale

22
Q

Median

A

Score that divides the group in half (50% scoring above and 50% scoring below)

23
Q

When is the median appropriate for describing centeral tendency

A

When scores are on an ordinal scale

Also useful for interval and ratio scales

24
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent score

25
Q

When is mode an appropriate measure for centeral tendency

A

If nominal scale is used

26
Q

What are the best indicators for centeral tendency

A

Median or mode (because a few unusual scores bias the mean)

Ex-when measuring centeral tendency of family income-the mean can skew the results because of super high numbers and it would look like the average family makes more money than they actually do

27
Q

Variability

A

A number that characterizes the amount of spread in a distribution of scores

28
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measures the variability.

Symbolized by a

Indicates the average deviation of scores from the mean

29
Q

Variance

A

Symbolized by s2

A measure of the variability of scores about a mean

30
Q

When is the only time standard deviation is appropriate

A

When using interval and ratio scales

31
Q

Range

A

Difference between the highest and lowest score

32
Q

Ways to measure variability

A

Standard deviation

Variance

Range

33
Q

How to show relationships between variables

A

Using a bar graph or a line graph

34
Q

Levels of independent variable are shown on ____

A

X axis

35
Q

Dependent variables are shown on the ___

A

Y axis

36
Q

When are bar graphs used

A

When values on the x axis are nominal categories

37
Q

When are line graphs used

A

When the values on the x axis are numeric

38
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Statistic that describes how strongly variables are related to each other

39
Q

The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient is used when

A

Both variables have interval or ratio scale properties

40
Q

What is the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient called

A

R value

41
Q

What can r values range from

A

0.00 to +-1.00

It indicates both strength and direction

42
Q

How to calculate Pearson r correlation coefficient

A

Obtain two scores-one on each variable

43
Q

Scatter plot

A

When each pair of scores is plotted as a single point in a diagram

44
Q

Restriction of range

A

Occurs when the individuals in your sample are very similar on the variable you are studying

45
Q

Curvilinear relationship

A

One cannot use Pearson r values when there’s a curvilinear relationship

46
Q

Effect size

A

Refers to strength of association between the variables

47
Q

Regression equations

A

Calculations to predict a persons score on one variable when that persons score on another variable is already known

Y=a+bX

Y-score to predict
X-known score
A-constant
B-weighing adjustment factor that is multiplied by x

48
Q

Criterion variable

A

Predicting a future variable

49
Q

Predictor variable

A

Score on some other variable used to predict criterion variable

50
Q

Multiple correlation

A

Combines number of predictor variables to increase the accuracy of prediction of a given criterion or outcome variable

51
Q

Partial correlation

A

A technique that provides a way of statistically controlling third variables

It’s a correlation between two variables of interest

52
Q

Structural equation modeling

A

Term to refer to set of techniques to examine models that specify a set of relationships among variables using quantitative nonexperimental methods

Research Methods (17 decks)

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