Chapter 12

Question 1

Nominal scale

Answer 1

Variables have no numerical value

Question 2

Ordinal scale

Answer 2

Levels exhibit minimal quantitative distinctions

Levels of variable being studied from lowest to highest

Question 3

Interval scale

Answer 3

Levels are equal in size

No absolute zero

Question 4

Ratio scale

Answer 4

Variables have both equal intervals and absolute zero point that indicates the absence of variable being measured

Has absolute zero point that indicates a dance of variable being measured

Question 5

Three basic ways to describe results between relationship variables

Answer 5

Comparing group percentages

Correlating scores of individuals on two variables

Comparing group means

Question 6

When describing nominal results you..

Answer 6

Compare group percentages

Question 7

What type of analysis do you use when you do not have two distinct groups

Answer 7

Correlating individual scores

Individuals are measured on two variables

Question 8

When using ratio scales (like score of aggression) what type of analysis do you use to describe the results

Answer 8

Comparing group means

Question 9

Frequency distribution

Answer 9

Indicates the number of individuals who receive each possible score on a variable

Question 10

Ways to graph frequency distribution

Answer 10

Pie chart

Bar graph

Frequency polygon

Question 11

Pie charts

Answer 11

Divide into slices that represent percentages

Useful when representing nominal scale information

Question 12

What type of chart do you use when describing nominal information

Answer 12

Pie

Question 13

Bar graph

Answer 13

Use a separate and distinct bar for each piece of information

Question 14

Frequency polygons

Answer 14

Use a line to represent the distribution of frequencies of scores

Most useful when the data represent interval or ratio scales

Question 15

What type of chart to use for interval or ratio scales

Answer 15

Frequency polygon

Question 16

Histogram

Answer 16

Uses bars to display a frequency distribution for a quantitative variable

Scale values are continuous and show increasing amounts on a variable such as age, blood pressure, or stress

Question 17

Descriptive statistics

Answer 17

Allows researchers to make precise statements about data

Two statistics are needed to describe data

One number used to describe central tendency

Another number used to describe variability (how widely distribution of scores is spread)

Question 18

Centeral tendency

Answer 18

A statistic that tells us what the sample as a whole, or on average is like

Question 19

What are the measures of centeral tendency

Answer 19

Mean

Median

Mode

Question 20

Mean

Answer 20

Set of scores obtained by adding all the scores and dividing by the number of scores

Question 21

When is a mean an appropriate indicator for centeral tendency

Answer 21

When scores are measured on an interval or ratio scale

Question 22

Median

Answer 22

Score that divides the group in half (50% scoring above and 50% scoring below)

Question 23

When is the median appropriate for describing centeral tendency

Answer 23

When scores are on an ordinal scale

Also useful for interval and ratio scales

Question 24

Mode

Answer 24

Most frequent score

Question 25

When is mode an appropriate measure for centeral tendency

Answer 25

If nominal scale is used

Question 26

What are the best indicators for centeral tendency

Answer 26

Median or mode (because a few unusual scores bias the mean) Ex-when measuring centeral tendency of family income-the mean can skew the results because of super high numbers and it would look like the average family makes more money than they actually do

Question 27

Variability

Answer 27

A number that characterizes the amount of spread in a distribution of scores

Question 28

Standard deviation

Answer 28

Measures the variability. Symbolized by a Indicates the average deviation of scores from the mean

Question 29

Variance

Answer 29

Symbolized by s2 A measure of the variability of scores about a mean

Question 30

When is the only time standard deviation is appropriate

Answer 30

When using interval and ratio scales

Question 31

Range

Answer 31

Difference between the highest and lowest score

Question 32

Ways to measure variability

Answer 32

Standard deviation Variance Range

Question 33

How to show relationships between variables

Answer 33

Using a bar graph or a line graph

Question 34

Levels of independent variable are shown on ____

Answer 34

X axis

Question 35

Dependent variables are shown on the ___

Answer 35

Y axis

Question 36

When are bar graphs used

Answer 36

When values on the x axis are nominal categories

Question 37

When are line graphs used

Answer 37

When the values on the x axis are numeric

Question 38

Correlation coefficient

Answer 38

Statistic that describes how strongly variables are related to each other

Question 39

The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient is used when

Answer 39

Both variables have interval or ratio scale properties

Question 40

What is the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient called

Answer 40

R value

Question 41

What can r values range from

Answer 41

0.00 to +-1.00 | It indicates both strength and direction

Question 42

How to calculate Pearson r correlation coefficient

Answer 42

Obtain two scores-one on each variable

Question 43

Scatter plot

Answer 43

When each pair of scores is plotted as a single point in a diagram

Question 44

Restriction of range

Answer 44

Occurs when the individuals in your sample are very similar on the variable you are studying

Question 45

Curvilinear relationship

Answer 45

One cannot use Pearson r values when there’s a curvilinear relationship

Question 46

Effect size

Answer 46

Refers to strength of association between the variables

Question 47

Regression equations

Answer 47

Calculations to predict a persons score on one variable when that persons score on another variable is already known Y=a+bX Y-score to predict X-known score A-constant B-weighing adjustment factor that is multiplied by x

Question 48

Criterion variable

Answer 48

Predicting a future variable

Question 49

Predictor variable

Answer 49

Score on some other variable used to predict criterion variable

Question 50

Multiple correlation

Answer 50

Combines number of predictor variables to increase the accuracy of prediction of a given criterion or outcome variable

Question 51

Partial correlation

Answer 51

A technique that provides a way of statistically controlling third variables It’s a correlation between two variables of interest

Question 52

Structural equation modeling

Answer 52

Term to refer to set of techniques to examine models that specify a set of relationships among variables using quantitative nonexperimental methods