Chapter 6 Flashcards
Naturalistic observation
Called field work or field observation
When researcher makes observations in natural environment
Ways to go about naturalistic observation
Observe from distance
Interview key “informants” to provide inside info
Use audio and video recording
What does a good naturalistic observation analysis report have
It has support of the anysis by using multiple confirmation
Ex-similar events occurring, several times, similar info
Qualitative vs quantitative data
Qualitative is closer to phenomena being studied than statistical representations
NonParticipant observer
Observing from the outside and isn’t a part of the setting
Participant observation.
Inside setting: allows researcher to observe the setting from the inside
They are able to experience events the same way was natural participants
Not concealed.
What’s a problem with participant observation
Lose the objectivity necessary to conduct scientific observation
Concealed observation pros
It is less reactive since people done know they’re being watched
Systematic observation
Refers to the careful observation of one more more SPECIFIC behaviors in a particular setting
Observations are quantifiable
Has developed hypothesis
Coding system
A method on how one analyzes and measures behavior
Reactivity
The possibility that the presence of the observer will affect people’s behaviors
How does one study using systematic observation
Usually through audio or video recording
Had to be aware of reactivity
Has to have reliability
Sampling (when samples of behavior are taken over a long period of time)
Sampling in systematic observations
When samples of behavior are taken over a long period of time
Case study
Provides description of an individual (usually a person but could be a business, school, or neighborhood)
Psychobiography
A type of case study where a researcher applies psychological theory to explain life of the individual
Archival research
Involves using previously complied into to answer research questions
Researcher does not collect original data, but analyzed existing data such as statistics that are part of public record
Content analysis
Systematic analysis of existing documents
Survey archives
Consist of data from surveys that are stored on computers and available to researchers who wish to analyze them
Ex post facto design
Quasi experimental study examining how an independent variable, present prior to the study in the participant, affects the dependent variable
Even though dreams are most likely to be recalled during rapid eye movement sleep, and ya movements would be considered low in _____as a measure of dreaming
Face validity
A measure of mechanical ability would have a predictive validity of people scoring high on the measure of mechanical ability also
Successfully complete a mechanical training course
The value of cronbachs alpha is based off the average of
All inter item correlation coefficients and the number of items in the measure
Betty wants to determine if types of products advertised on television vary depending on the time of day. Which type of archival research approach would you suggest she employ to best address her question
Content analysis
Content analysis
Determines presence of variable within some qualitative data (text, tv, news paper, historical documents)
Lauren usually receives excellent ratings of her performance on the basketball court. However, he coach rates her performance in today’s game much lower than normal because her teammates had an exceptionally good game. Which effect may be responsible for lowering her ratings
Counterbalancing
In the revival design, ABAB, the second B period is necessary to rule out..
Chance fluctuations
If rats in a maze run faster when food is present than when food is absent, this demonstrates….
Covariation between variables
____is an indicator of reliability in which the researcher calculates the correlation of each idem with every other idem
Cronbachs alpha
When you read about the reliability of a measure, the correlation coefficient is usually called a..:
Reliability coefficient
Research that examines the relationship between a measure and the criterion behavior at the same time is assessing which type of validity
Concurrent
In developing coding systems, they should be..
As simple as possible
Types of order effects
Practice
Fatigue
Carryover
When writing out an experimental design, what does the R stand for
Random assignment
A school administrator wants to examine the effect of student lockers on class tardiness. He compares tardiness records of a school with no lockers to a school with lockers: what type of design is this?
Nonequilivent control group
Variations of multiple baseline design
Across subjects
Across behavior
Across situations
Experimental control
Consistency
How to eliminate the influence of confounding third variables on the DV
Experimental control
Randomization
Problem with field experiments
Lack control of extraneous variables
What are the two categories of expectancy effects
Participant expectancy effects
Experimented expectancy effects
Demand characteristics
Refers to an experimental artifact where participants form an interpretation of the experiments purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation
What is experimenter bias also known as
Rosenthal effects
Teachers consistently treat attractive children favorably to unattractive children is an example of
Rosenthal effect
Solutions of expectancy effects
Automation
Blinded experiments
What is automation
Using scripts for interaction with participants
Use computers if stimuli and recording answers
