Test II Part 3 Flashcards
Eccentric or odd cluster of PDs
Symptoms similar to schizophrenia
DSM 5 conceptualization
The symptoms of the various PDs often overlap greatly leading to frequent misdiagnosis or to multiple diagnosis for a given client
Dramatic cluster
Manipulative and uncaring in social relations
Anxious cluster
Fearful of being criticized or judged by others
Dimensional approach
Each key trait would be seen as varying along a continuum between normal and abnormal
Paranoid PD
Marked by a pattern of distrust and suspicion of others
Paranoid PD theories
Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic trace it to early interactions with demanding parents, and must always be on alert because they can’t trust others
Paranoid PD treatment
Psychodynamic- object relations therapists
Object relations theorists try to see past the patients anger and work on what they view as his or her deep wish for satisfying relationships
Schizoid PD
Persistently avoid and are removed from social relationships and demonstrate little in the way of emotion, prefer to be alone and not worried about lack of relationships
Schizoid PD theories
Psychodynamic
Unsatisfied need for human contact, unaccepting parents or even abusive
Schizoid PD treatment
CBT
Techniques that make client think about emotions and pleasurable experiences
Teaching social skills through group therapy
Avoidant PD
Pervasive anxiety
Think horribly of themselves
Fear all social events and rejection
Avoidant PD theories
Psychodynamic
Trace shame to childhood experiences such as early bowel and bladder accidents to negative self image
Avoidant PD treatment
Psychodynamic
Help clients recognize and resolve unconscious conflicts
Dependent PD
Need to be cared for
Can’t make own decisions
Dependent PD theories
Psychodynamic
Unresolved conflicts during oral stage of development can give rise to lifelong need for nurturance, or parental loss or rejection may prevent normal attachment, or parents were over involved or over protective
Dependent PD treatment
Psychodynamic
Focuses on transference of dependency needs on to the therapist
Obsessive compulsive PD
Very rigid in everything
Love order and schedules
Nervous
Obsessive compulsive PD theories
Psychodynamic
Overly harsh toilet training leads them to become angry and so they seek control
Histrionic PD
Rapidly shifting moods and hysteria
Unstable relations
Attention seekers, superficial and self centered and emotionally charged
Histrionic PD theories
Psychodynamic
As children they experienced unhealthy and cold relationships feeling unloved and abandoned
Histrionic PD treatment
Cognitive
Changing beliefs that they’re helpless
And develop better ways of thinking
Narcissistic PD
Think they’re special/important
High self worth
Narcissistic PD theories
Psychodynamic
Cold rejecting parents lead them to think they are actually perfect and desirable and that they don’t need anyone anyways
Narcissistic PD treatment
Rarely seek treatment voluntarily and when they do it’s more likely for depression
Borderline PD
Rapid shifting mood
Highly impulsive
Borderline PD theories
Psychodynamic
Parental frustration and early lack of acceptance leading to loss of self esteem and increased dependence
Borderline PD treatment for suicidal patients
- Reduce the dysfunctional and out of control behaviors
- Explore past traumas and how they interfere with emotions
- Helping clients trust and value themselves
Borderline Personality features in non clinical adults Trull et al.
Identified college students high and low of BP symptoms and examined them 2 years later. Predicted adjustment problems above and beyond gender and predicted negative outcomes and impulsivity
Psychopathy
Antisocial behavior, no sense of shame, superficially charming, manipulative, inability to learn from mistakes, impulsive. Not in DSM 5
Antisocial PD
Persistently disregard and violate others rights and is most closely linked with adult criminal behavior
Gender differences in anti social PD
Men are 5x more likely to be diagnosed than women
Causal factors for antisocial PD
Genetic predisposition Testosterone Serotonin deficiency ADHD Low arousability
Deficits linked to antisocial PD
Low impulse control
Inability to reason
Low self awareness
Sociocultural factors and anti social PD
Noncompliancy is reinforced by parent giving into non compliant behavior
Treatment for antisocial PD effectiveness
Typically ineffective because
Most don’t seek treatment voluntarily and don’t have desire to change
5 factor model of personality
Rate how?
What traits?
Rate high or low Neuroticism Extroversion Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness
Personality disorder traits specified
DSM 5 possible approach to PDs where clinicians would further identify and list the problematic traits and rate of severity of impairment caused by them using 5 groups
Cormobidity
A person with a PD suffers also from another disorder
Paranoid PD theories
Cognitive
People with this disorder Generally hold broad maladaptive assumptions
Paranoid PD theories
Biological
Genetic causes
Paranoid PD treatment
Psychodynamic- self therapists
Try to help clients reestablish self cohesion, a unified personality which they believe has been lost in the persons continuous negative focus on others
Paranoid PD treatments
CBT
Anxiety reduction techniques + developing more realistic interpretations of others words and actions
Schizoid personality theories
Cognitive
Suffer from deficiencies in their thinking, trouble forming meaningful thoughts and responding to emotions
Schizotypal PD
Chronic pattern of inappropriate social behavior and odd speech
Schizotypal PD theories
Mostly Biological, linked to disorders in parents and deficits in short term memory and attention
Treatments for schizotypal PD
CBT
CBT teaches clients to ignore inappropriate thoughts and and evaluate their thoughts objectively
Speech lessons and social skills training
Treatments for schizotypal PD
Biological
Anti psychotic drugs
Which PD most closely resembles schizophrenia?
Schizotypal PD
Treatment for antisocial PD- cognitive
Try to guide clients to think about moral issues and the needs of others
Borderline PD theories
Biological
Overly reactive amygdala
Under active prefrontal cortex
Lower serotonin activity 5HTT gene
Borderline PD theories
Biosocial
Results from combination of internal forces and external forces
Borderline PD theories
Sociocultural
Suggest that they are particularly likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly leaving them with identity problems
Borderline PD treatment
Psychodynamic
Therapists take more supportive and egalitarian posture and provide an empathetic setting where they can explore their unconscious
Borderline PD treatment
DBT
Client therapist relationship is at center of treatment, regularly empathize and use many CBT techniques
Which type of therapy has received more research support than any other in the treatment of borderline PD?
DBT
Histrionic PD theories
Cognitive
Look at extreme suggestibility
See individuals as becoming less interested in knowing about the world
Hold general assumptions that they’re unable to care for themselves
Histrionic PD theories
Sociocultural
Produced in part by cultural norms and expectaions
Histrionic PD treatment
Psychodynamic
Ultimately aim to help clients recognize their excessive dependency and become more self reliant
Narcissistic PD theories
Cognitive behavioral
Develops when people are treated too positively early in life, with admiring parents
Narcissistic PD theories
Sociocultural
Family values and social ideals in society periodically break down, producing generations who are self centered and materialistic
Narcissistic PD Treatment
Psychodynamic
Help them recognize and work through their basic insecurities and defenses
Narcissistic PD treatment
Cognitive
Try to redirect clients focus onto opinions of others and to interpret criticism more rationally and increase ability to empathize
Avoidant PD theories
Cognitive
Harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood lead people to assume that others will always judge them negatively
Avoidant PD theories
Behavioral
Fail to develop normal social skills developing from avoiding social situations
Avoidant PD treatment
Cognitive
Help them change distressing beliefs and thoughts and carry on through the face of painful emotions, and improve their self image
Avoidant PD treatment
Behavioral
Social skills training and exposure
Group therapy
Key difference between avoidant PD and social anxiety disorder
SAD primarily fear social situations
APD fear close social relationships
Dependent PD theories
Behavioral
were unintentionally rewarded for clingy behavior or parents own dependent behavior served as a model for them
Dependent PD theories
Cognitive
Two maladaptive attitudes:
- I am inadequate and helpless to deal with the world
- I must find a person to provide protection so I can cope
Dependent PD treatment
Cognitive behavioral
Provide assertiveness training to help them better express individual wishes in relationships
Also try to help them challenge and
Change attitudes of helplessness
Obsessive compulsive PD theories
Cognitive
Propose that illogical thinking processes help keep it going and they tend to misread or exaggerate potential outcomes of mistakes
Obsessive compulsive PD treatments
Psychodynamic
Try to help them recognize and accept their personal limitations
Obsessive compulsive PD treatment
Cognitive
Focus on helping them change their dichotomous all or nothing thinking, perfectionism and chronic worrying
Obsessive compulsive PD treatment
Biological
SSRI
Negative affectivity
Experience negative emotions frequently and intensely
Detachment
Withdraw from others and social interactions
Antagonism
Behave in ways that put them at odds with other people such as hostility or manipulativeness
Disinhibition
Behave impulsively without reflecting on possible consequences
Psychoticism
Unusual and bizarre behaviors or beliefs
Treatment for ASPD Effectiveness of: Traditional psychotherapy Biological treatments Behavior therapy/Group therapy
- not shown to be effective
- not proved helpful, but lithium has worked for some
- seems promising
What factors most strongly predicted not engaging in antisocial behaviors?
Getting married
Military service
