Ch 3 Flashcards
Biological models
Sees physical processes as key to human behavior
Paradigms
Models and perspectives used to explain events
Diathesis stress model
person must first have a predisposition to a disorder and then be subjected to immediate psychosocial stress in order to develop the disorder
Viral infections
Linked to abnormal functioning and biochemical dysfunctioning
Psychotropic meds
Drugs that affect emotions and thought processes
ECT
Troconclusive therapy; two electrodes attached to forehead and electrical current is passed through the brain and causes a small seizure; many feel less depressed after a few sessions
Psychosurgery
Used only after patient is unresponsive to other forms of therapy
Id
Psych force that produces instinctual needs drives and impulses
Ego
Psych force that employs reason and operates in accordance with reality
Superego
Psych force that represents a persons values and ideals
Defense mechanisms
Basic strategies to control unacceptable Id impulses and avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse
Resistance
Unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy
Transference
Patient acts and feels towards therapist as he would towards a friend of family member
Behavioral model
Emphasizes behavior and the ways in which it is learned
Cognitive model
Concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior
Humanistic existential model
Stresses role of values and choices
Sociocultural model
Social and cultural forces are key to human functioning
Family social model
Focuses on individuals family and social interactions
Multi cultural model
Emphasizes an individuals culture and shared beliefs
Projection
Person attributes own acceptable impulses or desires to other individuals
Classical conditioning
learning behavior through temporal associations
Operant conditioning
learning behavior through rewards
Behavioral therapies
using conditioning to change negative behaviors to more positive ones; therapist as a teacher rather than healer
Systematic desensitization
clients learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread
Cognitive behavioral therapy
seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking
Intellectualization
emotionally removing oneself from a stressful event
Over generalization
drawing broad negative conclusions after only one insignificant event
Cognitive therapies
recognizing and changing faulty ways of thinking that may lead to psychopathology
Rationalization
Person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives
Displacement
Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute
Regression
Person retreats from an upsetting conflict and acts immaturely
group therapy
therapist meets with group that has similar problems
Psychodynamic model
Looks at people’s unconscious internal processes and conflicts
Shortcomings of bio model
Does not recognize role of environment
Treatments can produce undesirable effects or side effects
Repression
Psych defense mechanism that prevents unacceptable impulses from ever reaching consciousness
sociocultural model
abnormal behavior is best understood in light of the broad forces that influence an individual such as societal norms and social roles
social labels
patients may have learned to accept their labels and in turn confirmed them so the label seems appropriate
social connections
those with more social connections are less likely to become depressed; deficiencies in social networking has been linked to abnormal functioning
family systems theory
structure and communication patterns of some families actually force individual members to behave in abnormal ways
family therapy
point out problem behaviors and interactions and help the whole family change its ways
marital therapy
focuses on structure and communication patterns of the relationship
community mental health treatment
allow clients to receive treatment in familiar social surroundings as they try to recover
culture sensitive therapies
addresses unique issues faced by minority groups
biopsychosocial theories
abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, etc influences
Leary’s interpersonal circumplex
explains what?
can it be tested and measured?
explains relationships among traits. explains normal and abnormal behavior. can be tested and measured.
complementary and anti-complementary
comp interactions feel right
problems with circumplex theory (2)
- logical inconsistency between predicting behavior in particular contexts and attempting to explain how longstanding traits develop
- many aspects yet to be tested rigorously
contributions of circumplex theory (3)
- reminds us of the importance of relationships
- provides way to conceptualize normal and abnormal behavior on a continuum
- suggests powerful techniques for explaining, describing, and even changing behavior
Object relations theory
Psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior
Denial
Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety
unconditional positive regard
critical component of client-centered therapy in which the therapist is sure to fully accept the client regardless of their personal feelings about them
conditions of worth
standards that say one is lovable and acceptable only when they conform to certain standards
self actualization
fulfill one’s potential for goodness and growth
client-centered therapy
humanistic therapy developed by carl rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuineness
Gestalt therapy
humanistic therapy developed by fritz in which clinicians actively move clients towards self recognition and self acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self discovery exercises
existential therapy
help clients accept responsibility for their lives and problems and help them recognize they are free so they may change it
flaws of behavioral model
no evidence that improper conditioning leads to abnormal behavior
improvements don’t always carry over to real life
too simplistic
Aaron Beck
developed cognitive therapy
what has cognitive therapy/CBT been shown to help treat?
depression, panic disorder, social phobia, sexual dysfunction
flaws of cognitive model
ways of thinking could be result rather than cause of abnormal functioning; not always possible to achieve and don’t help everyone
humanists
believe that humans are born friendly and good
existentialists
believe that humans must live authentic lives in order to be psychologically well adjusted but do not agree that humans are born good rather born free
skillful frustration
gestalt therapists refuse to meet their clients expectations or demands in order to help people see how often they are manipulative
enmeshed family structure
members are grossly over involved in each others lives
disengagement
rigid boundaries between family members
self help group
group with similar problems come together without leadership of a clinician
according to circumplex theory, what causes abnormal functioning?
inability to adjust to different ways of interacting; fixed, rigid, and non responsive ways of interacting
how are these disorders plotted according to circumplex theory:
depression
anti-social personality
dependent personality
negative submissive
dominant negative
positive submissive
according to circumplex theory, what is the best way to change anti complimentary behavior?
use motivation and rewards and incentives
