Test II Part 1 Flashcards
Dysthymia
3 or more symptoms of depression for at least 2 years in duration
Unipolar depression
Depression without a history of mania
Major depressive disorder
Severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by drugs or medical condition
Double depression
When Dysthymic disorder leads to major depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder
Mood disorder similar to but longer lasting and less disabling than major depressive disorder
Melancholic features of depression
Person is almost unaffected by pleasurable events
Psychotic features of depression
Q
Catatonic features of depression
Depression that is marked by either immobility or excessive activity
Postpartum onset of depression
Depression that occurs within four weeks of giving birth
Seasonal patterns of depression
Depression that changes or comes and goes with certain seasons
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Marked by repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation
Prevalence of depression
8% suffer from severe
5% from mild
19% episode of severe at some point in their lives
Prognosis of depression
85% recover
40% will have another episode at least once more in lives
Genetic factors of depression
Pedigree and twin studies have shown depression may be genetic, and unipolar might be tied to abnormal chromosome pairs
Norepinephrine and depression
Low activity was linked to unipolar, but now researchers believe the relationship may be more complicated
Serotonin and depression
Low activity was linked to unipolar, but now researchers believe the relationship may be more complicatedt
The endocrine system and depression
Unipolar depression has been found to have high levels of cortisol and abnormal levels of melatonin
Brain anatomy and depression
Broadmanns area 25 is filled with serotonin transporters, and lower brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the amygdala
Brain circuits and depression
Brain circuit including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Broadmanns area 25 has been linked to depression
Immune system and depression
Dysregulation of the immune system may help produce depression but evidence is circumstantial
Symbolic loss (depression)
According to Freudian theory the loss of a valued object is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one.
Anaclictic depression
A pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from ones mother
Behavioral views and depression
Depression results from significant changes in rewards and punishments people are receiving
Cognitive triad (depression)
The three forms of negative thinking that lead people to feel depressed: negative view of experiences, self, and the future
Automatic thoughts (depression)
Numerous unpleasant thoughts that keep suggesting hopelessness and inadequacy help cause or maintain depression
Ruminative responses (depression)
Repeatedly dwelling mentally on their mood without acting to change it. These people are more likely to develop depression.
Learned helplessness (depression)
Perception that no one has control over their reinforcements and that they themselves are responsible for their helpless state
Family social perspective of depression
Unavailability of social support, unhealthy relationships, isolation, lack of intimacy and social deficits that cause avoidance
Multicultural perspective and depression
Links between gender and depression and cultural and ethnic background
Cultural differences of depression
Rates between groups?
Chronicity?
Symptoms?
No differences in overall rates
Differences in Chronicity
Precise picture of depression varies
Nolen-Hoekshema study of gender differences in style of coping with depressive feelings
Looked at rumination and distraction in both genders
Women more likely than men to ruminate but men NOT more likely to distract
T1 rumination predicted T2 anxiety and depression
ECT for depression
Has been very successful in treatment of severely depressed patients but has not been determined why it works so well