Test II Part 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Dysthymia

A

3 or more symptoms of depression for at least 2 years in duration

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1
Q

Unipolar depression

A

Depression without a history of mania

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2
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by drugs or medical condition

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3
Q

Double depression

A

When Dysthymic disorder leads to major depressive disorder

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4
Q

Dysthymic disorder

A

Mood disorder similar to but longer lasting and less disabling than major depressive disorder

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5
Q

Melancholic features of depression

A

Person is almost unaffected by pleasurable events

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6
Q

Psychotic features of depression

A

Q

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7
Q

Catatonic features of depression

A

Depression that is marked by either immobility or excessive activity

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8
Q

Postpartum onset of depression

A

Depression that occurs within four weeks of giving birth

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9
Q

Seasonal patterns of depression

A

Depression that changes or comes and goes with certain seasons

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10
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

Marked by repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

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11
Q

Prevalence of depression

A

8% suffer from severe
5% from mild
19% episode of severe at some point in their lives

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12
Q

Prognosis of depression

A

85% recover

40% will have another episode at least once more in lives

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13
Q

Genetic factors of depression

A

Pedigree and twin studies have shown depression may be genetic, and unipolar might be tied to abnormal chromosome pairs

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14
Q

Norepinephrine and depression

A

Low activity was linked to unipolar, but now researchers believe the relationship may be more complicated

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15
Q

Serotonin and depression

A

Low activity was linked to unipolar, but now researchers believe the relationship may be more complicatedt

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16
Q

The endocrine system and depression

A

Unipolar depression has been found to have high levels of cortisol and abnormal levels of melatonin

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17
Q

Brain anatomy and depression

A

Broadmanns area 25 is filled with serotonin transporters, and lower brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the amygdala

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18
Q

Brain circuits and depression

A

Brain circuit including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Broadmanns area 25 has been linked to depression

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19
Q

Immune system and depression

A

Dysregulation of the immune system may help produce depression but evidence is circumstantial

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20
Q

Symbolic loss (depression)

A

According to Freudian theory the loss of a valued object is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one.

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21
Q

Anaclictic depression

A

A pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from ones mother

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22
Q

Behavioral views and depression

A

Depression results from significant changes in rewards and punishments people are receiving

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23
Q

Cognitive triad (depression)

A

The three forms of negative thinking that lead people to feel depressed: negative view of experiences, self, and the future

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24
Q

Automatic thoughts (depression)

A

Numerous unpleasant thoughts that keep suggesting hopelessness and inadequacy help cause or maintain depression

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25
Q

Ruminative responses (depression)

A

Repeatedly dwelling mentally on their mood without acting to change it. These people are more likely to develop depression.

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26
Q

Learned helplessness (depression)

A

Perception that no one has control over their reinforcements and that they themselves are responsible for their helpless state

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27
Q

Family social perspective of depression

A

Unavailability of social support, unhealthy relationships, isolation, lack of intimacy and social deficits that cause avoidance

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28
Q

Multicultural perspective and depression

A

Links between gender and depression and cultural and ethnic background

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29
Q

Cultural differences of depression
Rates between groups?
Chronicity?
Symptoms?

A

No differences in overall rates
Differences in Chronicity
Precise picture of depression varies

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30
Q

Nolen-Hoekshema study of gender differences in style of coping with depressive feelings

A

Looked at rumination and distraction in both genders
Women more likely than men to ruminate but men NOT more likely to distract
T1 rumination predicted T2 anxiety and depression

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31
Q

ECT for depression

A

Has been very successful in treatment of severely depressed patients but has not been determined why it works so well

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32
Q

MAO inhibitors for depression

A

Help half

Dietary restrictions

33
Q

Tricyclics for depression

A

Do not have negative food symptoms like MAOs and have higher rates of improvement
Take 10 days to work
Relapse chances increase when stopped taking

34
Q

SSRIs for depression

A

Harder to overdose on them
Don’t pose dietary restrictions of MAO
can produce undesirable side effects
Do not work for everyone

35
Q

Vagus nerve stimulation

A

Implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve which delivers electrical signals to the brain

36
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

An electromagnetic cool is placed on or above a persons head sending a current to the brain to avoid negative effects of ECT

37
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

Pacemaker powers electrodes that have been planted in Broadmanns area 25 to stimulate it

38
Q

Light therapy

A

Mimicking natures light for SAD

39
Q

Psychodynamic treatment of depression

A

seek to help clients bring underlying issues to consciousness and work through them, and encourage clients to associate freely during sessions

40
Q

Behavioral treatment of depression

A

Reintroduce clients to pleasurable events, help improve social skills, and appropriately reinforce depressive and non depressive behaviors

41
Q

Cognitive treatment of depression

A

Increase activities and elevate mood
Challenge automatic thoughts
Identify negative thinking
Changing attitudes

42
Q

Interpersonal psychotherapy

A

Treatment for depression that is based on clarifying and changing ones interpersonal problems

43
Q

Drugs vs psychotherapy for depression

A

Q

44
Q

Comparison of treatments for depression

A

All treatments seem to be equally effective but there are some people who respond better to one than to another

45
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Patient experiences highs and lows of mood

46
Q

Hypo mania

A

Mild mania

47
Q

Bipolar I

A

Marked by full on manic and major depressive episodes

48
Q

Bipolar II

A

Marked by mildly manic and major depressive episodes

49
Q

Cyclothymia

A

Marked by numerous periods of hypo manic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms

50
Q

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder

A

4+ cycles per year

51
Q

Prevalence of bipolar disorder

A

Equally common in all ethnic groups and genders

52
Q

Bipolar disorder and creativity

A

Mania does not likely improve quality of work but does increase quantity or volume of work created during the episode

53
Q

Weisburg study genius and madness

A

A

54
Q

Neurotransmitters and bipolar disorders

A

Mania may be linked to low serotonin activity permitting more activity of NE. Also may be linked to GABA

55
Q

Ion activity and bipolar disorder

A

Irregularities in the transport of ions across the membrane may cause the neuron to fire too easily resulting in mania

56
Q

Brain structure and bipolar disorder

A

Some brain areas and structures are smaller in those with BP disorders

57
Q

Genetic factors and bipolar disorder

A

Wide range of findings suggest a number of genetic abnormalities probably combine to bring about BP disorders

58
Q

Psychosocial contributors of bipolar

A

W

59
Q

Lithium and mood stabilizing drugs:

Effectiveness

A

Metallic element that occurs in nature and is effective for bipolar disorders. It is not as effective as other forms of drugs and can have many negative side effects

60
Q

Lithium and mood stabilizing drugs:

A

Help stabilize moods

61
Q

Lithium and mood stabilizing drugs: second messengers

A

Substances within a neuron that carry out the changes produced and relay the original message from the neuron

62
Q

Adjunctive psychotherapy

A

Rarely helpful alone, so is used in adjunct with mood stabilizing drugs

63
Q

Isolation and OCD

A

Psychodynamic- Disown their unwanted thoughts and experience them as foreign intrusions

64
Q

Undoing and OCD

A

Psychodynamic- perform acts that are meant to cancel out undesirable impulses

65
Q

Reaction formation and OCD

A

Psychodynamic- take on a lifestyle that directly opposes their unacceptable impulses

66
Q

Behavioral theory of OCD

A

People happen upon their compulsions randomly during a threat, making an association between the anxiety and the compulsive behavior

67
Q

Cognitive theory of OCD

A

Trouble dismissing thoughts

68
Q

Serotonin and OCD

A

Disorder may be caused in part by low serotonin activity

69
Q

Brain structure and OCD

A

caudate nucleus that convert sensory information into thoughts and actions may be too active

70
Q

Biological treatments for OCD

A

Certain antidepressants increase serotonin activity and more normal activity in brain regions

71
Q

CBT for OCD

A

Taught to view their obsessive thoughts as inaccurate occurrences rather than ones they must act upon, and then exposure therapy is used. Also sometimes used w drug therapy. Relief maintained longer than with meds alone

72
Q

Hoarding

A

Individuals feel compelled to save items and experience distress if they try to discard them

73
Q

Hair pulling

A

People pull out hair

74
Q

Excoriation

A

People pick at their skin resulting in scabs or wounds

75
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

Preoccupied with the belief that they have a major flaw or defect in physical appearance

76
Q

What do researchers believe that abnormal activity of neurotransmitters does in relation to depression?

A

Unipolar depression is tied more to closely to what happens within neurons than to the chemicals that carry messages between them. This leads to deficiencies of certain proteins that promote neuron survival and health.

77
Q

Neurotransmitters and depression

A

Researchers now believe that interactions between norepinephrine and serotonin, rather than one of them alone, may account for unipolar depression

78
Q

ECT vs antidepressant drugs

A

ECT seems to be more effective and acts quicker, but poses greater chance for relapse

79
Q

Psychodynamic theory of OCD

A

Obsessions and compulsions are expressed as hidden desires