Test II Part 1 Flashcards
Dysthymia
3 or more symptoms of depression for at least 2 years in duration
Unipolar depression
Depression without a history of mania
Major depressive disorder
Severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by drugs or medical condition
Double depression
When Dysthymic disorder leads to major depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder
Mood disorder similar to but longer lasting and less disabling than major depressive disorder
Melancholic features of depression
Person is almost unaffected by pleasurable events
Psychotic features of depression
Q
Catatonic features of depression
Depression that is marked by either immobility or excessive activity
Postpartum onset of depression
Depression that occurs within four weeks of giving birth
Seasonal patterns of depression
Depression that changes or comes and goes with certain seasons
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Marked by repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation
Prevalence of depression
8% suffer from severe
5% from mild
19% episode of severe at some point in their lives
Prognosis of depression
85% recover
40% will have another episode at least once more in lives
Genetic factors of depression
Pedigree and twin studies have shown depression may be genetic, and unipolar might be tied to abnormal chromosome pairs
Norepinephrine and depression
Low activity was linked to unipolar, but now researchers believe the relationship may be more complicated
Serotonin and depression
Low activity was linked to unipolar, but now researchers believe the relationship may be more complicatedt
The endocrine system and depression
Unipolar depression has been found to have high levels of cortisol and abnormal levels of melatonin
Brain anatomy and depression
Broadmanns area 25 is filled with serotonin transporters, and lower brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the amygdala
Brain circuits and depression
Brain circuit including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Broadmanns area 25 has been linked to depression
Immune system and depression
Dysregulation of the immune system may help produce depression but evidence is circumstantial
Symbolic loss (depression)
According to Freudian theory the loss of a valued object is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one.
Anaclictic depression
A pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from ones mother
Behavioral views and depression
Depression results from significant changes in rewards and punishments people are receiving
Cognitive triad (depression)
The three forms of negative thinking that lead people to feel depressed: negative view of experiences, self, and the future
Automatic thoughts (depression)
Numerous unpleasant thoughts that keep suggesting hopelessness and inadequacy help cause or maintain depression
Ruminative responses (depression)
Repeatedly dwelling mentally on their mood without acting to change it. These people are more likely to develop depression.
Learned helplessness (depression)
Perception that no one has control over their reinforcements and that they themselves are responsible for their helpless state
Family social perspective of depression
Unavailability of social support, unhealthy relationships, isolation, lack of intimacy and social deficits that cause avoidance
Multicultural perspective and depression
Links between gender and depression and cultural and ethnic background
Cultural differences of depression
Rates between groups?
Chronicity?
Symptoms?
No differences in overall rates
Differences in Chronicity
Precise picture of depression varies
Nolen-Hoekshema study of gender differences in style of coping with depressive feelings
Looked at rumination and distraction in both genders
Women more likely than men to ruminate but men NOT more likely to distract
T1 rumination predicted T2 anxiety and depression
ECT for depression
Has been very successful in treatment of severely depressed patients but has not been determined why it works so well
MAO inhibitors for depression
Help half
Dietary restrictions
Tricyclics for depression
Do not have negative food symptoms like MAOs and have higher rates of improvement
Take 10 days to work
Relapse chances increase when stopped taking
SSRIs for depression
Harder to overdose on them
Don’t pose dietary restrictions of MAO
can produce undesirable side effects
Do not work for everyone
Vagus nerve stimulation
Implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve which delivers electrical signals to the brain
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
An electromagnetic cool is placed on or above a persons head sending a current to the brain to avoid negative effects of ECT
Deep brain stimulation
Pacemaker powers electrodes that have been planted in Broadmanns area 25 to stimulate it
Light therapy
Mimicking natures light for SAD
Psychodynamic treatment of depression
seek to help clients bring underlying issues to consciousness and work through them, and encourage clients to associate freely during sessions
Behavioral treatment of depression
Reintroduce clients to pleasurable events, help improve social skills, and appropriately reinforce depressive and non depressive behaviors
Cognitive treatment of depression
Increase activities and elevate mood
Challenge automatic thoughts
Identify negative thinking
Changing attitudes
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Treatment for depression that is based on clarifying and changing ones interpersonal problems
Drugs vs psychotherapy for depression
Q
Comparison of treatments for depression
All treatments seem to be equally effective but there are some people who respond better to one than to another
Bipolar disorder
Patient experiences highs and lows of mood
Hypo mania
Mild mania
Bipolar I
Marked by full on manic and major depressive episodes
Bipolar II
Marked by mildly manic and major depressive episodes
Cyclothymia
Marked by numerous periods of hypo manic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms
Rapid cycling bipolar disorder
4+ cycles per year
Prevalence of bipolar disorder
Equally common in all ethnic groups and genders
Bipolar disorder and creativity
Mania does not likely improve quality of work but does increase quantity or volume of work created during the episode
Weisburg study genius and madness
A
Neurotransmitters and bipolar disorders
Mania may be linked to low serotonin activity permitting more activity of NE. Also may be linked to GABA
Ion activity and bipolar disorder
Irregularities in the transport of ions across the membrane may cause the neuron to fire too easily resulting in mania
Brain structure and bipolar disorder
Some brain areas and structures are smaller in those with BP disorders
Genetic factors and bipolar disorder
Wide range of findings suggest a number of genetic abnormalities probably combine to bring about BP disorders
Psychosocial contributors of bipolar
W
Lithium and mood stabilizing drugs:
Effectiveness
Metallic element that occurs in nature and is effective for bipolar disorders. It is not as effective as other forms of drugs and can have many negative side effects
Lithium and mood stabilizing drugs:
Help stabilize moods
Lithium and mood stabilizing drugs: second messengers
Substances within a neuron that carry out the changes produced and relay the original message from the neuron
Adjunctive psychotherapy
Rarely helpful alone, so is used in adjunct with mood stabilizing drugs
Isolation and OCD
Psychodynamic- Disown their unwanted thoughts and experience them as foreign intrusions
Undoing and OCD
Psychodynamic- perform acts that are meant to cancel out undesirable impulses
Reaction formation and OCD
Psychodynamic- take on a lifestyle that directly opposes their unacceptable impulses
Behavioral theory of OCD
People happen upon their compulsions randomly during a threat, making an association between the anxiety and the compulsive behavior
Cognitive theory of OCD
Trouble dismissing thoughts
Serotonin and OCD
Disorder may be caused in part by low serotonin activity
Brain structure and OCD
caudate nucleus that convert sensory information into thoughts and actions may be too active
Biological treatments for OCD
Certain antidepressants increase serotonin activity and more normal activity in brain regions
CBT for OCD
Taught to view their obsessive thoughts as inaccurate occurrences rather than ones they must act upon, and then exposure therapy is used. Also sometimes used w drug therapy. Relief maintained longer than with meds alone
Hoarding
Individuals feel compelled to save items and experience distress if they try to discard them
Hair pulling
People pull out hair
Excoriation
People pick at their skin resulting in scabs or wounds
Body dysmorphic disorder
Preoccupied with the belief that they have a major flaw or defect in physical appearance
What do researchers believe that abnormal activity of neurotransmitters does in relation to depression?
Unipolar depression is tied more to closely to what happens within neurons than to the chemicals that carry messages between them. This leads to deficiencies of certain proteins that promote neuron survival and health.
Neurotransmitters and depression
Researchers now believe that interactions between norepinephrine and serotonin, rather than one of them alone, may account for unipolar depression
ECT vs antidepressant drugs
ECT seems to be more effective and acts quicker, but poses greater chance for relapse
Psychodynamic theory of OCD
Obsessions and compulsions are expressed as hidden desires
