Test Findings Flashcards
ECG:
Tall T-waves
Hyperkalaemia
ECG:
Prominent U Wave
Hypokalaemia
Hypocalcemia
ECG:
ST-Depression
Hypokalaemia
Myocardial Infarction (Non-Q-Wave)
Unstable Angina
Hypothermia
ECG:
Tall P-waves
Hypokalaemia
Right-Atrial Enlargement
ECG:
“M” QRS
Right BBB if leads 1-3 (“MaRRoW)
Brugada
Left BBB if in leads 5-6 (“WiLLiaM”)
ECG:
RSR pattern
Brugada
ECG:
ST-Elevation
Myocardial Infarction (STEMI, in particular leads)
Pericarditis (Widespread, “saddle-shaped”)
Priznmental’s Angina (CA Spasm)
CXR:
“Tramlines + Ring Shadows”
Bronchiectasis
-Widened bronchi are the cause of this appearance.
GFR: 80
Type of renal failure?
Type 2
Think clock: >(12)0 = normal >90 = 1 >60 = 2 >45 = 3a >30 = 3b >15 = 4 0-15 = 5
GFR: 25
Type of renal failure?
Type 4
Think clock: >(12)0 = normal >90 = 1 >60 = 2 >45 = 3a >30 = 3b >15 = 4 0-15 = 5
X-Ray:
Pencil-Cup deformity
Psoriatic Arthritis
X-Ray:
Osteophytes
Osteoarthritis (LOSS)
X-Ray:
Subchondral Cysts
Osteoarthritis (LOSS)
X-Ray:
Subchondral Sclerosis
Osteoarthritis (LOSS)
X-Ray:
Bony Erosions
Rheumatoid Arthritis (LESS)
X-Ray:
Loss of joint space
Osteoarthritis (LOSS) Rheumatoid Arthritis (LESS)
Water Deprivation Test:
Before vasopressin: Low urine osmolality.
After vasopressin: High urine osmolality.
Cranial Diabetes Insipidus
Water Deprivation Test:
Before vasopressin: Low urine osmolality.
After vasopressin: Low urine osmolality.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Glucose Tolerance Test:
Results in lower GH levels.
No acromegaly
Glucose Tolerance Test:
No change in GH levels.
Acromegaly is likely.
CXR:
Kerley B Lines
Visible septae between lobes
- Present in Pulmonary Oedema
- Present in Neoplasia
- Present in Pneumonia
- Present in Sarcoidosis.
Dipstick:
Blood [+]
Leukocyte [+]
Nitrate [+]
UTI highly likely if urine is cloudy: Give Abx
Dipstick:
Blood [-]
Leukocyte [-]
Nitrate [+]
UTI highly likely if urine is cloudy: Give Abx
Dipstick:
Leukocyte [+]
Nitrite [-]
UTI and other pathology equally likely: Consider culture.
Dipstick:
Leukocyte [-]
Nitrate [-]
Blood [+]
UTI unlikely. Consider another diagnosis.
Dipstick:
Leukocyte [-]
Nitrate [-]
Protein [+]
UTI unlikely. Consider another diagnosis.
CLED agar:
Yellow
Lactose Fermenting
e.g. E.Coli ; Staph.Saphrophiticus
Proteus will NOT grow.
CLED agar:
Blue
Non-Lactose Fermenting
e.g. Shigella ; Pseudomonas ; Salmonella
Proteus will NOT grow.
Blood Agar: No Growth
Chocolate Agar: Growth
Likely to be Haemophillius Spp.
Blood Agar: Brown/Green Colonies
∂-Haemolytic
Without other evidence, think of these Streptococcus species:
- Viridans
- Pneumonia
Blood Agar: White Colonies
ß-Haemolytic
Without other evidence, think of:
- Streptococcus Pyogenes (A)
- Streptococcus Agalacticae (B)
- Staphylococcus Aureus
- Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression:
High Cortisol
Very indicative of Cushing’s disease.
Urine: Bence-Jones Proteins
AKA Immunoglobulin-Light-Chain
-Indicative of Multiple Myeloma.
Blood-Gas: pH - Low PaO2 - Low PaCo2 - High HCO3- - Upper end of normal
Respiratory Acidosis with No Metabolic Compensation
Blood-Gas: pH - Low PaO2 - Low PaCo2 - High HCO3- - High
Respiratory Acidosis with Partial Metabolic Compensation
Blood-Gas: pH - Normal PaO2 - Low PaCo2 - High HCO3- - High
Respiratory Acidosis with Complete Metabolic Compensation
Blood-Gas: pH - Low PaO2 - Normal PaCo2 - Normal HCO3- - Low
Metabolic Acidosis with No Respiratory Compensation.
Blood-Gas: pH - Normal PaO2 - High PaCo2 - Low HCO3- - Low
Metabolic Acidosis with Complete Respiratory Compensation.
Parathyroid Function:
PTH - High
Ca++ - High
Phosphate - Low
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
More PTH»_space; More Ca and Less PO4
Parathyroid Function:
PTH - High
Ca++ - Low
Phosphate - Variable
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Less Ca»_space; More PTH
Parathyroid Function:
PTH - High
Ca++ - High
Phosphate - High
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid Function:
PTH - High
Ca++ - Low
Phosphate - High
PseudoHypoparathyroidism
High PTH»_space; PTH-insensitivity so Low Ca and high phosphate»_space; Higher PTH.
Parathyroid Function:
PTH - Low
Ca++ - Low
Phosphate - High
Hypoparathyroidism
Blood Smear:
Heinz Bodies
G6PD Anaemia
Blood Smear:
Auer Rods
AML
-Clumps of granular material forming elongated needles
Blood Smear:
Macrocytic Anaemia
Folate / B12 Deficiency
Alcoholism
Hypothyroidism
Blood Smear:
Microcytic Anaemia
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic Anaemia
Suspected Myasthenia Gravis:
No Anti-ACh-Receptor Antibodies found.
Likely Lambert-Eaton Syndrome.
Reduced ACh Release
Suspected Myasthenia Gravis:
Anti-ACh-Receptor Antibodies found.
Likely Myasthenia Gravis.
CT Scan:
“Ground Glass” Appearance
Interstitial Lung Disease
Pneumonia
Pulmonary Oedema
Bounding pulse
Sepsis
Hypercapnia
Histology:
Orphan Annie eyes
Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
Most common thyroid cancer
Histology:
Hürthle cells
Follicular adenocarcinoma of the thyroid.
2nd commonest thyroid cancer
Histology:
Spindle-shaped cells, myeloid deposits
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Number of men who have a true-positive PSA test for prostate cancer out of the number of men who have a positive PSA test? (PPV)
30%
-2/3 of men will have it raised without any cancer present.
Neuropathy + Anti-Gliadin is positive
Potential gluten ataxia
-May be on exam
